Immersive and spatial sound reproduction has been widely studied using loudspeaker arrays. However, flat-panel loudspeakers that utilize thin flat panels with force actuators are a promising alternative to traditional coaxial loudspeakers for practical applications, with benefits in low-visual profiles and diffuse radiation. Literature has addressed the sound quality and applications of flat-panel loudspeakers in three-dimensional sound reproduction, such as wave field synthesis and sound zones. This paper revisits the spatial sound perception of flat-panel loudspeakers, specifically the localization mismatch between the perceived and desired sound directions when using amplitude panning. Subjective tests in an anechoic chamber with 24 subjects result in the mean azimuth direction mismatch within ±6.0° and the mean elevation mismatch within ±10.0°. The experimental results show that the virtual source created by amplitude panning over a flat-panel loudspeaker still achieves spatial localization accuracy close to that of a real sound source, despite not using complex algorithms or acoustic transfer function information. The findings of this study establish a benchmark for virtual source localization in spatial sound reproduction using flat-panel loudspeakers, which can serve as a starting point for future research and optimization of algorithms.
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