The issues reported in this article concern the development of methods applied for measurement, processing, and analysis of infrasound signals generated in association with the operation of wind farms. In particular, the discussion involves the results of the analysis using synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms of infrasound noise emitted by a 2 MW wind turbine that have been recorded during its operation in actual conditions. To record infrasound signals, a wireless measurement system was used, consisting of a base station and three synchronized mobile recording stations. To identify the wavelet structures with the highest ratio of energy, the synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms were used, and the courses of six time runs representing instantaneous frequencies were determined. Application of this approach enables the selection of energy-dominant waveforms from the time-frequency images, whose assessment can be performed mainly in terms of qualitative measures. Application of the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform is an effective tool for the purposes of detection and selection in the designated wavelet structures for the recorded infrasound dominant frequencies for which the carried energy ranges have the highest value.
References
1.
Ambrose
, S. E.
, Rand
, R. W.
, and Krogh
, C. M. E.
(2012
). “Wind turbine acoustic investigation: Infrasound and low-frequency noise—A case study
,” Bull. Sci. Technol. Soc.
32
, 128
–141
.2.
Boczar
, T.
, Malec
, T.
, and Wotzka
, D.
(2012
). “Studies on infrasound noise emitted by wind turbines of large power
,” Acta Phys. Pol. A
122
, 850
–853
.3.
Boczar
, T.
, Zmarzły
, D.
, Kozioł
, M.
, and Wotzka
, D.
(2020a
). “The use of advanced signal processing methods for the analysis of infrasound generated by high-power wind turbines
,” Prz. Elektrotechniczny
96
, 68
–75
.4.
Boczar
, T.
, Zmarzły
, D.
, Kozioł
, M.
, and Wotzka
, D.
(2020b
). “Analiza wpływu czynników zewnętrznych na wyniki pomiarów infradźwięków emitowanych przez turbiny wiatrowe” (“Analysis of the influence of external factors on the measurement results of infrasounds emitted by wind turbines”)
, Prz. Elektrotech.
1
, 115
–122
.5.
Boczar
, T.
, Zmarzły
, D.
, Kozioł
, M.
, and Wotzka
, D.
(2020c
). “Application of correlation analysis for assessment of infrasound signals emission by wind turbines
,” Sensor
20
, 6891
.6.
Boczar
, T.
, Zmarzły
, D.
, Kozioł
, M.
, and Wotzka
, D.
(2021
). “The application of time-frequency ridge transformation for the analysis of infrasound signals generated by wind turbines
,” Appl. Acoust.
177
, 107961
.7.
Bolin
, K.
, Bluhm
, G.
, Eriksson
, G.
, and Nilsson
, M. E.
(2011
). “Infrasound and low frequency noise from wind turbines: Exposure and health effects
,” Environ. Res. Lett.
6
, 035103
.8.
Carlile
, S.
, Davy
, J. L.
, Hillman
, D.
, and Burgemeister
, K.
(2018
). “A review of the possible perceptual and physiological effects of wind turbine noise
,” Trends Hear.
22
, 2331216518789551
.9.
Daubechies
, I.
, Lu
, J.
, and Wu
, H.-T.
(2011
). “Synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms: An empirical mode decomposition-like tool
,” Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal.
30
, 243
–261
.10.
Evans
, T.
, Cooper
, J.
, and Lenchine
, V.
(2013
). “Infrasound levels near windfarms and in other environments,” www.epa.sa.gov.au/files/477912_infrasound.pdf (Last viewed June 31, 2022).11.
Feng
, Z.
, Chen
, X.
, and Liang
, M.
(2015
). “Iterative generalized synchrosqueezing transform for fault diagnosis of wind turbine planetary gearbox under nonstationary conditions
,” Mech. Syst. Signal Process.
52-53
, 360
–375
.12.
Freiberg
, A.
, Schefter
, C.
, Girbig
, M.
, Murta
, V. C.
, and Seidler
, A.
(2019
). “Health effects of wind turbines on humans in residential settings: Results of a scoping review
,” Environ. Res.
169
, 446
–463
.13.
Hansen
, C.
, and Hansen
, K.
(2020
). “Recent advances in wind turbine noise research
,” Acoustics
2
, 171
–206
.14.
Heinzel
, G.
, Rüdiger
, A.
, and Schilling
, R.
(2002
). “Spectrum and spectral density estimation by the discrete Fourier transform (DFT), including a comprehensive list of window functions and some new at-top windows
,” https://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-001M-0000-0013-557A-5 (Last viewed May 4, 2022).15.
Hübner
, G.
, Pohl
, J.
, Hoen
, B.
, Firestone
, J.
, Rand
, J.
, Elliott
, D.
, and Haac
, R.
(2019
). “Monitoring annoyance and stress effects of wind turbines on nearby residents: A comparison of U.S. and European samples
,” Environ. Int.
132
, 105090
.16.
Ingielewicz
, R.
, and Zagubień
, A.
(2014
). “Infrasound noise of natural sources in the environment and infrasound noise of wind turbines
,” Pol. J. Environ. Stud.
23
, 1323
–1327
.17.
Jakobsen
, J.
(2001
). “Danish guidelines on environmental low frequency noise, infrasound and vibration
,” J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control
20
, 141
–148
.18.
Jakobsen
, J.
(2005
). “Infrasound emission from wind turbines
,” J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control
24
, 145
–155
.19.
Klein
, L.
, Gude
, J.
, Wenz
, F.
, Lutz
, T.
, and Krämer
, E.
(2018
). “Advanced computational fluid dynamics (CFD)–multi-body simulation (MBS) coupling to assess low-frequency emissions from wind turbines
,” Wind Energy Sci.
3
, 713
–728
.20.
Leventhall
, G.
(2006
). “Infrasound from wind turbines—Fact, fiction or deception
,” Can. Acoust. Acoust. Can.
34
, 29
–36
.21.
Malec
, T.
, Boczar
, T.
, Wotzka
, D.
, and Frącz
, P.
(2017
). “Comparison of low frequency signals emitted by wind turbines of two different generator types
,” E3S Web Conf.
19
, 01001
.22.
Meignen
, S.
, Oberlin
, T.
, and McLaughlin
, S.
(2012
). “A new algorithm for multicomponent signals analysis based on SynchroSqueezing: With an application to signal sampling and denoising
,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process.
60
, 5787
–5798
.23.
Mirowska
, M.
(2001
). “Evaluation of low-frequency noise in dwellings: New Polish recommendations
,” J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control
20
, 67
–74
.24.
Mirowska
, M.
(2002
). “An investigation and assessment of annoyance of low frequency noise in dwellings
,” Noise Notes
1
, 30
–34
.25.
Møller
, H.
, and Pedersen
, C. S.
(2004
). “Hearing at low and infrasonic frequencies
,” Noise Health
6
(23
), 37
–57
.26.
Møller
, H.
, and Pedersen
, C. S.
(2011
). “Low-frequency noise from large wind turbines
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
, 3727
–3744
.27.
Nguyen
, D.-P.
, Hansen
, K.
, and Zajamsek
, B.
(2020
). “Human perception of wind farm vibration
,” J. Low Freq. Noise Vib. Act. Control
39
, 17
–27
.28.
Nguyen
, P. D.
, Hansen
, K. L.
, Catcheside
, P.
, Hansen
, C. H.
, and Zajamsek
, B.
(2021
). “Long-term quantification and characterisation of wind farm noise amplitude modulation
,” Measurement
182
, 109678
.29.
Pawlas
, K.
, Pawlas
, N.
, and Zachara
, J.
(2013
). “Przegląd kryteriów oceny infradźwięków i hałasu niskoczęstotliwościowego w środowisku zawodowym i pozazawodowym” (“Infrasound and low frequency noise assessment at workplaces and environment”)
, Med. Środ.
16
, 82
–89
.30.
Peri
, E.
, and Tal
, A.
(2020
). “A sustainable way forward for wind power: Assessing turbines' environmental impacts using a holistic GIS analysis
,” Appl. Energy
279
, 115829
.31.
Pierzga
, R.
, Boczar
, T.
, Wotzka
, D.
, and Zmarzły
, D.
(2013
). “Studies on infrasound noise generated by operation οf low-power wind turbine
,” Acta Phys. Pol. A
124
, 542
–545
.32.
Pilger
, C.
, and Ceranna
, L.
(2017
). “The influence of periodic wind turbine noise on infrasound array measurements
,” J. Sound Vib.
388
, 188
–200
.33.
Shepherd
, K. P.
, and Hubbard
, H. H.
(1991
). “Physical characteristics and perception of low frequency noise from wind turbines
,” Noise Control Eng. J.
36
, 5
–15
.34.
Stead
, M.
, Cooper
, J.
, and Evans
, T.
(2014
). “Comparison of infrasound measured at people's ears when walking to that measured near wind farms
,” Acoust. Aust.
42
, 197
–203
.35.
Thakur
, G.
, Brevdo
, E.
, Fučkar
, N. S.
, and Wu
, H.-T.
(2013
). “The Synchrosqueezing algorithm for time-varying spectral analysis: Robustness properties and new paleoclimate applications
,” Signal Process.
93
, 1079
–1094
.36.
van Kamp
, I.
, and van den Berg
, F.
(2018
). “Health effects related to wind turbine sound, including low-frequency sound and infrasound
,” Acoust. Aust.
46
, 31
–57
.37.
Wagner
, S.
, Bareis
, R.
, and Guidati
, G.
(1996
). Wind Turbine Noise
(Springer
, Berlin
), pp. 18
–21
.38.
Wu
, X.
, Hu
, W.
, Huang
, Q.
, Chen
, C.
, Jacobson
, M. Z.
, and Chen
, Z.
(2020a
). “Optimizing the layout of onshore wind farms to minimize noise
,” Appl. Energy
267
, 114896
.39.
Wu
, X.
, Hu
, W.
, Huang
, Q.
, Chen
, C.
, Liu
, Z.
, and Chen
, Z.
(2020b
). “Optimal power dispatch strategy of onshore wind farms considering environmental impact
,” Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst.
116
, 105548
.40.
Xu
, Z.
, Wei
, J.
, Zhang
, S.
, Liu
, Z.
, Chen
, X.
, Yan
, Q.
, and Guo
, J.
(2021
). “A state-of-the-art review of the vibration and noise of wind turbine drivetrains
,” Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess.
48
, 101629
.41.
Yauwenas
, Y.
, Zajamšek
, B.
, Reizes
, J.
, Timchenko
, V.
, and Doolan
, C. J.
(2017
). “Numerical simulation of blade-passage noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
142
, 1575
–1586
.42.
Zagubień
, A.
, and Wolniewicz
, K.
(2016
). “Everyday exposure to occupational/non-occupational infrasound noise in our life
,” Arch. Acoust.
41
, 659
–668
.43.
Zagubień
, A.
, and Wolniewicz
, K.
(2020
). “The assessment of infrasound and low frequency noise impact on the results of learning in primary school—Case study
,” Arch. Acoust.
45
, 93
–102
.44.
Zajamšek
, B.
, Hansen
, K. L.
, Doolan
, C. J.
, and Hansen
, C. H.
(2016
). “Characterisation of wind farm infrasound and low-frequency noise
,” J. Sound Vib.
370
, 176
–190
.45.
Zhao
, Y.
, Cui
, H.
, Huo
, H.
, and Nie
, Y.
(2018
). “Application of synchrosqueezed wavelet transforms for extraction of the oscillatory parameters of subsynchronous oscillation in power systems
,” Energies
11
, 1525
.© 2022 Acoustical Society of America.
2022
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
