A single-hydrophone ocean glider was deployed within a cabled hydrophone array to demonstrate a framework for estimating population density of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) from a passive acoustic glider. The array was used to estimate tracks of acoustically active whales. These tracks became detection trials to model the detection function for glider-recorded 360-s windows containing fin whale 20-Hz pulses using a generalized additive model. Detection probability was dependent on both horizontal distance and low-frequency glider flow noise. At the median 40-Hz spectral level of 97 dB re 1 μPa2/Hz, detection probability was near one at horizontal distance zero with an effective detection radius of 17.1 km [coefficient of variation (CV) = 0.13]. Using estimates of acoustic availability and acoustically active group size from tagged and tracked fin whales, respectively, density of fin whales was estimated as 1.8 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.55). A plot sampling density estimate for the same area and time, estimated from array data alone, was 1.3 whales per 1000 km2 (CV = 0.51). While the presented density estimates are from a small demonstration experiment and should be used with caution, the framework presented here advances our understanding of the potential use of gliders for cetacean density estimation.

1.
Amante
,
C.
, and
Eakins
,
B. W.
(
2009
). “
ETOPO1 1 arc-minute global relief model: Procedures, data sources and analysis
,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NESDIS NGDC-24 (
National Geophysical Data Center
,
Boulder, CO
).
2.
Barlow
,
J.
, and
Forney
,
K. A.
(
2007
). “
Abundance and population density of cetaceans in the California Current ecosystem
,”
Fish. Bull.
105
,
509
526
.
3.
Barlow
,
J.
,
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Harris
,
D. V.
, and
Griffiths
,
E. T.
(
2021
). “
Acoustic detection range and population density of Cuvier's beaked whales estimated from near-surface hydrophones
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
149
,
111
125
.
4.
Barlow
,
J.
, and
Taylor
,
B. L.
(
2005
). “
Estimates of sperm whale abundance in the northeastern temperate Pacific from a combined acoustic and visual survey
,”
Mar. Mammal Sci.
21
,
429
445
.
5.
Barlow
,
J.
,
Tyack
,
P. L.
,
Johnson
,
M. P.
,
Baird
,
R. W.
,
Schorr
,
G. S.
,
Andrews
,
R. D.
, and
Aguilar de Soto
,
N.
(
2013
). “
Trackline and point detection probabilities for acoustic surveys of Cuvier's and Blainville's beaked whales
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
,
2486
2496
.
6.
Baumgartner
,
M. F.
,
Fratantoni
,
D. M.
,
Hurst
,
T. P.
,
Brown
,
M. W.
,
Cole
,
T. V. N.
,
Van Parijs
,
S. M.
, and
Johnson
,
M. P.
(
2013
). “
Real-time reporting of baleen whale passive acoustic detections from ocean gliders
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
,
1814
1823
.
7.
Buckland
,
S. T.
(
2006
). “
Point-transect surveys for songbirds: Robust methodologies
,”
Auk
123
,
345
357
.
8.
Buckland
,
S. T.
,
Anderson
,
D. R.
,
Burnham
,
K. P.
,
Laake
,
J. L.
,
Borchers
,
D. L.
, and
Thomas
,
L.
(
2001
).
Introduction to Distance Sampling
(
Oxford University
,
Oxford, UK
).
9.
Buckland
,
S. T.
,
Rexstad
,
E. A.
,
Marques
,
T. A.
, and
Oedekoven
,
C. S.
(
2015
).
Distance Sampling: Methods and Applications Methods in Statistical Ecology
(
Springer
,
Cham, Switzerland
).
10.
Caillat
,
M.
,
Thomas
,
L.
, and
Gillespie
,
D.
(
2013
). “
The effects of acoustic misclassification on cetacean species abundance estimation
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
,
2469
2476
.
11.
Campbell
,
G. S.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Whitaker
,
K.
,
Douglas
,
A. B.
,
Calambokidis
,
J.
, and
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
(
2015
). “
Inter-annual and seasonal trends in cetacean distribution, density and abundance off southern California
,”
Deep. Res. Part II Top. Stud. Oceanogr.
112
,
143
157
.
12.
Carretta
,
J. V.
,
Forney
,
K. A.
,
Oleson
,
E. M.
,
Weller
,
D. W.
,
Lang
,
A. R.
,
Baker
,
J.
,
Muto
,
M. M.
,
Hanson
,
B.
,
Orr
,
A. J.
,
Huber
,
H.
,
Lowry
,
M. S.
,
Barlow
,
J.
,
Moore
,
J. E.
,
Lynch
,
D.
,
Carswell
,
L.
, and
Brownell
,
R. L.
, Jr.
(
2020
). “
U.S. Pacific marine mammal stock assessments: 2019
,” NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-SWFSC-629,
U.S. Department of Commerce
,
Washington, DC
.
13.
Cauchy
,
P.
,
Heywood
,
K. J.
,
Risch
,
D.
,
Merchant
,
N. D.
,
Queste
,
B. Y.
, and
Testor
,
P.
(
2020
). “
Sperm whale presence observed using passive acoustic monitoring from gliders of opportunity
,”
Endang. Species Res.
42
,
133
149
.
14.
Croll
,
D. A.
,
Clark
,
C. W.
,
Acevedo
,
A.
,
Tershy
,
B.
,
Flores
,
S.
,
Gedamke
,
J.
, and
Urban
,
J.
(
2002
). “
Only male fin whales sing loud songs
,”
Nature
417
,
809
.
15.
dos Santos
,
F. A.
,
São Thiago
,
P. M.
,
de Oliveira
,
A. L. S.
,
Barmak
,
R.
,
Lima
,
J. A. M.
,
de Almeida
,
F. G.
, and
Paula
,
T. P.
(
2016
). “
Investigating flow noise on underwater gliders acoustic data
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
140
,
3409
3409
.
16.
Dugan
,
P.
,
Zollweg
,
J.
,
Roch
,
M.
,
Helble
,
T.
,
Pitzrick
,
M.
,
Clark
,
C.
, and
Klinck
,
H.
(
2018
). “
The Raven-X software package: A scalable high-performance computing framework in Matlab for the analysis of large bioacoustic sound archives
,” https://zenodo.org/record/1221417#.YzOCpXbMK3B (Last viewed 10/12/2022).
17.
Dugan
,
P. J.
,
Klinck
,
H.
,
Roch
,
M. A.
, and
Helble
,
T. A.
(
2016
). “
RAVEN-X: A high performance data mining toolbox for bioacoustic data analysis
,”
ONR Report No. N00014-16-1–3156
,
Office of Naval Research
,
Arlington, VA
.
18.
Efron
,
B.
(
1982
).
The Jackknife, the Bootstrap and Other Resampling Plans
(
Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
,
Philadelphia, PA
).
19.
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Matsumoto
,
H.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Barlow
,
J.
,
Baumann-Pickering
,
S.
, and
Klinck
,
H.
(
2020a
). “
Detections of whale vocalizations by simultaneously deployed bottom-moored and deep-water mobile autonomous hydrophones
,”
Front. Mar. Sci.
7
,
721
.
20.
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Matsumoto
,
H.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Negretti
,
C.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
Martin
,
S. W.
,
Matsuyama
,
B.
,
Dugan
,
P. J.
, and
Klinck
,
H.
(
2020b
). “
Comparison of fin whale 20 Hz call detections by deep-water mobile autonomous and stationary recorders
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
147
,
961
977
.
21.
Gerrodette
,
T.
,
Taylor
,
B. L.
,
Swift
,
R.
,
Rankin
,
S.
,
Jaramillo-Legorreta
,
A. M.
, and
Rojas-Bracho
,
L.
(
2011
). “
A combined visual and acoustic estimate of 2008 abundance, and change in abundance since 1997, for the vaquita, Phocoena sinus
,”
Mar. Mamm. Sci.
27
,
E79
E100
.
22.
Gkikopoulou
,
K. C.
(
2018
). “
Getting below the surface: Density estimation methods for deep diving animals using slow autonomous underwater vehicles
,” Ph.D. thesis,
University of St Andrews
,
St Andrews, Scotland
.
23.
Glennie
,
R.
,
Buckland
,
S. T.
, and
Thomas
,
L.
(
2015
). “
The effect of animal movement on line transect estimates of abundance
,”
PLoS One
10
,
e0121333
.
24.
Goldbogen
,
J. A.
,
Stimpert
,
A. K.
,
DeRuiter
,
S. L.
,
Calambokidis
,
J.
,
Friedlaender
,
A. S.
,
Schorr
,
G. S.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
Tyack
,
P. L.
, and
Southall
,
B. L.
(
2014
). “
Using accelerometers to determine the calling behavior of tagged baleen whales
,”
J. Exp. Biol.
217
,
2449
2455
.
25.
Guazzo
,
R. A.
,
Durback
,
I. N.
,
Helble
,
T. A.
,
Alongi
,
G. C.
,
Martin
,
C. R.
,
Martin
,
S. W.
, and
Henderson
,
E. E.
(
2021
). “
Singing fin whale swimming behavior in the central north Pacific
,”
Front. Mar. Sci.
8
,
696002
.
26.
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Klinck
,
H.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Barlow
,
J.
, and
Thomas
,
L.
(
2017
). “
Evaluating autonomous underwater vehicles as platforms for animal population density estimation
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
141
,
3606
.
27.
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Matias
,
L.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Harwood
,
J.
, and
Geissler
,
W. H.
(
2013
). “
Applying distance sampling to fin whale calls recorded by single seismic instruments in the northeast Atlantic
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
,
3522
3535
.
28.
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Miksis-Olds
,
J. L.
,
Vernon
,
J. A.
, and
Thomas
,
L.
(
2018
). “
Fin whale density and distribution estimation using acoustic bearings derived from sparse arrays
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
143
,
2980
2993
.
29.
Helble
,
T. A.
,
D'Spain
,
G. L.
,
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
,
Campbell
,
G. S.
,
Campbell
,
R. L.
, and
Heaney
,
K. D.
(
2013
). “
Site specific probability of passive acoustic detection of humpback whale calls from single fixed hydrophones
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
,
2556
2570
.
30.
Helble
,
T. A.
,
Ierley
,
G. R.
,
D'Spain
,
G. L.
, and
Martin
,
S. W.
(
2015
). “
Automated acoustic localization and call association for vocalizing humpback whales on the Navy's Pacific Missile Range Facility
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
137
,
11
21
.
31.
Hendricks
,
B.
,
Keen
,
E. M.
,
Shine
,
C.
,
Wray
,
J. L.
,
Alidina
,
H. M.
, and
Picard
,
C. R.
(
2021
). “
Acoustic tracking of fin whales: Habitat use and movement patterns within a Canadian Pacific fjord system
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
149
,
4264
4280
.
32.
Ierley
,
G.
, and
Helble
,
T. A.
(
2016
). “
Fin whale call sequence analysis from tracked fin whales on the Southern California Offshore Range
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
140
,
3295
.
33.
Jarvis
,
S. M.
,
Morrissey
,
R. P.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
DiMarzio
,
N. A.
, and
Shaffer
,
J. A.
(
2014
). “
Marine Mammal Monitoring on Navy Ranges (M3R): A toolset for automated detection, localization, and monitoring of marine mammals in open ocean environments
,”
Mar. Technol. Soc. J.
48
,
5
20
.
34.
Johnson
,
M. P.
, and
Tyack
,
P. L.
(
2003
). “
A digital acoustic recording tag for measuring the response of wild marine mammals to sound
,”
IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.
28
,
3
12
.
35.
Klinck
,
H.
,
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Matsumoto
,
H.
,
Turpin
,
A.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Erofeev
,
A.
,
Barth
,
J. A.
,
Shearman
,
R. K.
,
Jafarmadar
,
K.
, and
Stelzer
,
R.
(
2016
). “
Mobile autonomous platforms for passive-acoustic monitoring of high-frequency cetaceans
,” in
Robot. Sail
, edited by
A.
Friebe
and
F.
Haug
(
Springer
,
Cham, Switzerland
), pp.
29
37
.
36.
Kowarski
,
K. A.
,
Gaudet
,
B. J.
,
Cole
,
A. J.
,
Maxner
,
E. E.
,
Turner
,
S. P.
,
Martin
,
S. B.
,
Johnson
,
H. D.
, and
Moloney
,
J. E.
(
2020
). “
Near real-time marine mammal monitoring from gliders: Practical challenges, system development, and management implications
,”
J. Acoust. Soc Am.
148
,
1215
1230
.
37.
Küsel
,
E. T.
,
Munoz
,
T.
,
Siderius
,
M.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
, and
Heimlich
,
S.
(
2017
). “
Marine mammal tracks from two-hydrophone acoustic recordings made with a glider
,”
Ocean Sci.
13
,
273
288
.
38.
Kyhn
,
L. A.
,
Tougaard
,
J.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Duve
,
L. R.
,
Stenback
,
J.
,
Amundin
,
M.
,
Desportes
,
G.
, and
Teilmann
,
J.
(
2012
). “
From echolocation clicks to animal density—Acoustic sampling of harbor porpoises with static dataloggers
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
,
550
560
.
39.
Marques
,
T. A.
,
Munger
,
L.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Wiggins
,
S.
, and
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
(
2011
). “
Estimating North Pacific right whale Eubalaena japonica density using passive acoustic cue counting
,”
Endang. Species Res.
13
,
163
172
.
40.
Marques
,
T. A.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Martin
,
S. W.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Ward
,
J. A.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
Harris
,
D. V.
, and
Tyack
,
P. L.
(
2013
). “
Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics
,”
Biol. Rev.
88
,
287
309
.
41.
Marques
,
T. A.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Ward
,
J.
,
DiMarzio
,
N.
, and
Tyack
,
P. L.
(
2009
). “
Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: An example with Blainville's beaked whales
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
125
,
1982
1994
.
42.
Martin
,
S. W.
,
Martin
,
C. R.
,
Matsuyama
,
B. M.
, and
Henderson
,
E. E.
(
2015
). “
Minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) respond to navy training
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
137
,
2533
2541
.
43.
Martin
,
S. W
, and
Matsuyama
,
B.
(
2015
). “
Suspected Bryde's whales acoustically detected, localized and tracked using recorded data from the Pacific Missile Range Facility, Hawaii
,” https://www.navymarinespeciesmonitoring.us/files/7114/3826/9215/Martin_and_Matsuyama_2015_Suspected_Brydes_detected_at_PMRF_20JUL2015.pdf (Last viewed 6/12/2020).
44.
Matsumoto
,
H.
,
Haxel
,
J.
,
Turpin
,
A.
,
Fregosi
,
S.
,
Klinck
,
H.
,
Klinck
,
K.
,
Baumann-Pickering
,
S.
,
Erofeev
,
A.
,
Barth
,
J. A.
,
Dziak
,
R. P.
, and
Jones
,
C.
(
2015
). “
Simultaneous operation of mobile acoustic recording systems off the Washington Coast for cetacean studies: System noise level evaluations
,” in
Proceedings of OCEANS 2015—MTS/IEEE Washington
, October 19–22, Washington, DC.
45.
McDonald
,
M. A.
, and
Fox
,
C. G.
(
1999
). “
Passive acoustic methods applied to fin whale population density estimation
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
105
,
2643
2651
.
46.
McDonald
,
M. A.
,
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
, and
Webb
,
S. C.
(
1995
). “
Blue and fin whales observed on a seafloor array in the Northeast Pacific
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
98
,
712
721
.
47.
Moretti
,
D.
,
Marques
,
T. A.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
DiMarzio
,
N.
,
Dilley
,
A.
,
Morrissey
,
R.
,
McCarthy
,
E.
,
Ward
,
J.
, and
Jarvis
,
S.
(
2010
). “
A dive counting density estimation method for Blainville's beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) using a bottom-mounted hydrophone field as applied to a mid-frequency active (MFA) sonar operation
,”
Appl. Acoust.
71
,
1036
1042
.
48.
Moretti
,
D.
,
Morrissey
,
R.
,
Jarvis
,
S.
, and
Shaffer
,
J.
(
2016
). “
Findings from U.S. Navy hydrophone ranges
,” in
Listening in the Ocean
, edited by
W. W. L.
Au
and
M. O.
Lammers
(
Springer
,
New York
), pp.
239
256
.
49.
Norris
,
T. F.
,
Dunleavy
,
K. J.
,
Yack
,
T. M.
, and
Ferguson
,
E. L.
(
2017
). “
Estimation of minke whale abundance from an acoustic line transect survey of the Mariana Islands
,”
Mar. Mam. Sci.
33
,
574
592
.
50.
Oleson
,
E. M.
,
Širović
,
A.
,
Bayless
,
A. R.
, and
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
(
2014
). “
Synchronous seasonal change in fin whale song in the North Pacific
,”
PLoS One
9
,
e115678
.
51.
R Core Team
(
2019
).
R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing
(
R Foundation for Statistical Computing
,
Vienna, Austria
).
52.
Rudnick
,
D. L.
,
Davis
,
R. E.
,
Eriksen
,
C. C.
,
Fratantoni
,
D. M.
, and
Perry
,
M. J.
(
2004
). “
Underwater gliders for ocean research
,”
Mar. Technol. Soc. J.
38
,
73
84
.
53.
Sato
,
K.
,
Watanuki
,
Y.
,
Takahashi
,
A.
,
Miller
,
P. J. O.
,
Tanaka
,
H.
,
Kawabe
,
R.
,
Ponganis
,
P. J.
,
Handrich
,
Y.
,
Akamatsu
,
T.
,
Watanabe
,
Y.
,
Mitani
,
Y.
,
Costa
,
D. P.
,
Bost
,
C. A.
,
Aoki
,
K.
,
Amano
,
M.
,
Trathan
,
P.
,
Shapiro
,
A.
, and
Naito
,
Y.
(
2007
). “
Stroke frequency, but not swimming speed, is related to body size in free-ranging seabirds, pinnipeds and cetaceans
,”
Proc. Biol. Sci.
274
,
471
477
.
54.
Seber
,
G. A. F.
(
1982
).
The Estimation of Animal Abundance and Related Parameters
, 2nd ed. (
Griffin
,
London
).
55.
Silva
,
T.
,
Mooney
,
T.
,
Sayigh
,
L.
, and
Baumgartner
,
M.
(
2019
). “
Temporal and spatial distributions of delphinid species in Massachusetts Bay using passive acoustics from ocean gliders
,”
Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
631
,
1
17
.
56.
Širović
,
A.
,
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
, and
Wiggins
,
S. M.
(
2007
). “
Blue and fin whale call source levels and propagation range in the Southern Ocean
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
122
,
1208
1215
.
57.
Širović
,
A.
,
Oleson
,
E. M.
,
Buccowich
,
J.
,
Rice
,
A.
, and
Bayless
,
A.
(
2017
). “
Fin whale song variability in southern California and the Gulf of California
,”
Sci. Rep.
7
,
10126
.
58.
Širović
,
A.
,
Rice
,
A.
,
Chou
,
E.
,
Hildebrand
,
J. A.
,
Wiggins
,
S. M.
, and
Roch
,
M. A.
(
2015
). “
Seven years of blue and fin whale call abundance in the Southern California Bight
,”
Endang. Species Res.
28
,
61
76
.
59.
Širović
,
A.
,
Williams
,
L.
,
Kerosky
,
S.
,
Wiggins
,
S.
, and
Hildebrand
,
J.
(
2013
). “
Temporal separation of two fin whale call types across the eastern North Pacific
,”
Mar. Biol.
160
,
47
57
.
60.
Soule
,
D. C.
, and
Wilcock
,
W. S. D.
(
2013
). “
Fin whale tracks recorded by a seismic network on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
,
1751
1762
.
61.
Stafford
,
K. M.
,
Mellinger
,
D. K.
,
Moore
,
S. E.
, and
Fox
,
C. G.
(
2007
). “
Seasonal variability and detection range modeling of baleen whale calls in the Gulf of Alaska, 1999–2002
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
122
,
3378
3390
.
62.
Stimpert
,
A. K.
,
DeRuiter
,
S. L.
,
Flacone
,
E. A.
,
Joseph
,
J.
,
Douglas
,
A. B.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
Friedlaender
,
A. S.
,
Calambokidis
,
J.
,
Gailey
,
G.
,
Tyack
,
P. L.
, and
Goldbogen
,
J. A.
(
2015
). “
Sound production and associated behavior of tagged fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Southern California Bight
,”
Anim. Biotelemetry
3
,
23
.
63.
Thompson
,
P. O.
,
Findley
,
L. T.
, and
Vidal
,
O.
(
1992
). “
20-Hz pulses and other vocalizations of fin whales, Balaenoptera physalus, in the Gulf of California, Mexico
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
,
3051
3057
.
64.
Thompson
,
P. O.
, and
Friedl
,
W. A.
(
1982
). “
A long term study of low frequency sounds from several species of whales off Oahu, Hawaii
,”
Cetology
45
,
1
19
.
65.
University of Washington
(
2016
). “
Seaglider quality control manual
,” https://gliderfs2.coas.oregonstate.edu/sgliderweb/Seaglider_Quality_Control_Manual.html (Last viewed 10/12/2022).
66.
Urick
,
R.
(
1983
).
Principles of Underwater Sound
, 3rd ed. (
Peninusla
,
Los Altos, CA
).
67.
Verfuss
,
U. K.
,
Aniceto
,
A. S.
,
Harris
,
D. V.
,
Gillespie
,
D.
,
Fielding
,
S.
,
Jiménez
,
G.
,
Johnston
,
P.
,
Sinclair
,
R. R.
,
Sivertsen
,
A.
,
Solbø
,
S. A.
,
Storvold
,
R.
,
Biuw
,
M.
, and
Wyatt
,
R.
(
2019
). “
A review of unmanned vehicles for the detection and monitoring of marine fauna
,”
Mar. Pollut. Bull.
140
,
17
29
.
68.
Ward
,
J. A.
,
Jarvis
,
S.
,
Moretti
,
D. J.
,
Morrissey
,
R. P.
,
Dimarzio
,
N.
,
Johnson
,
M. P.
,
Tyack
,
P. L.
,
Thomas
,
L.
, and
Marques
,
T. A.
(
2011
). “
Beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) passive acoustic detection in increasing ambient noise
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
,
662
669
.
69.
Ward
,
J. A.
,
Thomas
,
L.
,
Jarvis
,
S.
,
Dimarzio
,
N.
,
Moretti
,
D.
,
Marques
,
T. A.
,
Dunn
,
C.
,
C laridge
,
D.
,
Hartvig
,
E.
, and
Tyack
,
P.
(
2012
). “
Passive acoustic density estimation of sperm whales in the Tongue of the Ocean, Bahamas
,”
Mar. Mamm. Sci.
28
,
E444
E455
.
70.
Watkins
,
W. A.
(
1981
). “
Activities and underwater sounds of fin whales
,”
Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst.
33
,
83
117
.
71.
Watkins
,
W. A.
,
Daher
,
M. A.
,
Reppucci
,
G. M.
,
George
,
J. E.
,
Martin
,
N. A.
,
Dimarzio
,
N. A.
, and
Gannon
,
D. P.
(
2000
). “
Seasonality and distribution of whale calls in the North Pacific
,”
Oceanography
13
,
62
67
.
72.
Watkins
,
W. A.
,
Tyack
,
P.
,
Moore
,
K. E.
, and
Bird
,
J. E.
(
1987
). “
The 20-Hz signals of finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus)
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
82
,
1901
1912
.
73.
Wood
,
S.
, and
Scheipl
,
F.
(
2017
). “
gamm4: Generalized additive mixed models using ‘mgcv' and ‘lme4
,’ ” https://rdrr.io/cran/gamm4/man/gamm4.html (Last viewed 10/12/2022).
74.
Wood
,
S. N.
(
2017
).
Generalized Additive Models: An Introduction with R
(
CRC
,
Boca Raton, FL
).

Supplementary Material

You do not currently have access to this content.