Double-strand breaks (DSBs) of giant DNA molecules after exposure to 1.0 MHz pulsed-wave ultrasound were quantitatively evaluated by single-molecule observation of giant DNA (T4 GT7 DNA; 166 kbp) through fluorescence microscopy. Aqueous solutions of DNA were exposed to ultrasonic waves with different sound pressures, repetition periods (1, 2, 5 ms), and pulse durations (5, 10, 50 μs). Below a threshold value of sound pressure, almost no double-strand breaks were generated, and above the threshold, the degree of damage increased in an accelerated manner as the pressure increased. DNA damage was much more severe for exposure to ultrasound with a shorter pulse duration. In addition, a longer pulse repetition period caused worse damage in DNA molecules. The effect of microbubbles on the damage induced by exposure to ultrasound had also been studied. While a result showed that a very small amount of microbubbles increased DSBs of DNA, this effect of microbubbles only weakly depended on their concentrations.
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