Frequency-differencing, or autoproduct processing, techniques are one area of research that has been found to increase the robustness of acoustic array signal processing algorithms to environmental uncertainty. Previous studies have shown that frequency differencing techniques are able to mitigate problems associated with environmental mismatch in source localization techniques. While this method has demonstrated increased robustness compared to conventional methods, many of the metrics, such as ambiguity surface peak values and dynamic range, are lower than would typically be expected for the observed level of robustness. These previous studies have suggested that such metrics are reduced by the inherent nonlinearity of the frequency-differencing method. In this study, simulations of simple multi-path environments are used to analyze this nonlinearity and signal processing techniques are proposed to mitigate the effects of this problem. These methods are used to improve source localization metrics, particularly ambiguity surface peak value and dynamic range, in two experimental environments: a small laboratory water tank and in a deep ocean (Philippine Sea) environment. The performance of these techniques demonstrates that many source localization metrics can be improved for frequency-differencing methods, which suggests that frequency-differencing methods may be as robust as previous studies have shown.
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