Underwater sounds from human sources can have detrimental effects upon aquatic animals, including fishes. Thus, it is important to establish sound exposure criteria for fishes, setting out those levels of sound from different sources that have detrimental effects upon them, in order to support current and future protective regulations. This paper considers the gaps in information that must be resolved in order to establish reasonable sound exposure criteria for fishes. The vulnerability of fishes is affected by the characteristics of underwater sounds, which must be taken into account when evaluating effects. The effects that need to be considered include death and injuries, physiological effects, and changes in behavior. Strong emphasis in assessing the effects of sounds has been placed upon the hearing abilities of fishes. However, although hearing has to be taken into account, other actual effects also have to be considered. This paper considers the information gaps that must be filled for the development of future guidelines and criteria.
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March 2020
March 20 2020
How to set sound exposure criteria for fishesa)
Special Collection:
The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life
Anthony D. Hawkins;
Anthony D. Hawkins
b)
1
The Aquatic Noise Trust
, Kincraig, Blairs, Aberdeen, AB12 5YT, United Kingdom
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Craig Johnson;
Craig Johnson
2
Systematic Ecology
, Bethesda, Maryland 20187, USA
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Arthur N. Popper
Arthur N. Popper
c)
3
Department of Biology, University of Maryland
, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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b)
Electronic mail: [email protected]
c)
ORCID: 0000-0002-0312-7125.
a)
This paper is part of a special issue on The Effects of Noise on Aquatic Life.
J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 147, 1762–1777 (2020)
Article history
Received:
November 06 2019
Accepted:
February 20 2020
Citation
Anthony D. Hawkins, Craig Johnson, Arthur N. Popper; How to set sound exposure criteria for fishes. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 1 March 2020; 147 (3): 1762–1777. https://doi.org/10.1121/10.0000907
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