Underwater noise from commercial shipping throughout the oceans has been increasing over the past decades and the environmental impact of this noise remains an area of great uncertainty. This has led to the measurement of noise from commercial vessels in order to understand the impacts that these vessels may engender. Hydrofoils are used by ferries in various locations around the world and locally may be a significant contributing factor of the soundscape. However, the investigation on underwater radiated noise from the activity of hydrofoils in the field has not been widely conducted. This article is an attempt to characterize the noise from hydrofoils in the field. Detailed measurements in the coastal water close to the Panarea port, Italy are reported. The investigation describes the broadband frequency spectrum with the main energy approximately centered on 30–130 Hz but covering frequencies up to tens of kHz. A key result was that the spectrum of the noise varied between the three stages (displacement, transition, and foiling) of the hydrofoils heading into or out of the port.
References
1.
Aktas
, B.
, Atlar
, M.
, Turkmen
, S.
, Shi
, W.
, Sampson
, R.
, Korkut
, E.
, and Fitzsimmons
, P.
(2016
). “Propeller cavitation noise investigations of a research vessel using medium size cavitation tunnel tests and full-scale trials
,” Ocean Eng.
120
, 122
–135
.2.
Allen
, J. K.
, Peterson
, M. L.
, Sharrard
, G. V.
, Wright
, D. L.
, and Todd
, S. K.
(2012
). “Radiated noise from commercial ships in the Gulf of Maine: Implications for whale/vessel collisions
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
(3
), EL229
–EL235
.3.
Andrew
, R. K.
, Howe
, B. M.
, and Mercer
, J. A.
(2011
). “Long-time trends in ship traffic noise for four sites off the north American west coast
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
(2
), 642
–651
.4.
Arveson
, P. T.
, and Vendittis
, D. J.
(2000
). “Radiated noise characteristics of a modern cargo ship
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
107
(1
), 118
–129
.5.
Audoly
, C.
(2016
). “Standardization in underwater acoustics—Current status and on-going actions
,” in Proceedings of the 2nd Australasian Acoustics Conference
, November 9–11, Brisbane, Australia, pp. 1
–9
.6.
Badino
, A.
, Borelli
, D.
, Gaggero
, T.
, Rizzuto
, E.
, and Schenone
, C.
(2012
). “Normative framework for ship noise: Present and situation and future trends
,” Noise Control Eng. J.
60
(6
), 740
–762
.7.
Bailey
, H.
, Senior
, B.
, Simmons
, D.
, Rusin
, J.
, Picken
, G.
, and Thompson
, P. M.
(2010
). “Assessing underwater noise levels during pile-driving at an offshore windfarm and its potential effects on marine mammals
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
60
(6
), 888
–897
.8.
Bertucci
, F.
, Parmentier
, E.
, Berten
, L.
, Brooker
, R. M.
, and Lecchini
, D.
(2015
). “Temporal and spatial comparisons of underwater sound signatures of different reef habitats in Moorea Island, French Polynesia
,” PloS One
10
(9
), e0135733
.9.
Butler
, J.
, Stanley
, J. A.
, and Butler
, M. J.
IV (2016
). “Underwater soundscapes in near-shore tropical habitats and the effects of environmental degradation and habitat restoration
,” J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
479
, 89
–96
.10.
Chen
, F.
, Shapiro
, G. I.
, Bennett
, K. A.
, Ingram
, S. N.
, Thompson
, D.
, Vincent
, C.
, Russell
, D. J.
, and Embling
, C. B.
(2017
). “Shipping noise in a dynamic sea: A case study of grey seals in the Celtic Sea
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
114
(1
), 372
–383
.11.
Collins
, M. D.
(1993
). “A split-step Padé solution for the parabolic equation method
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
93
(4
), 1736
–1742
.12.
Dahl
, P. H.
, de Jong
, C. A.
, and Popper
, A. N.
(2015
). “The underwater sound field from impact pile driving and its potential effects on marine life
,” Acoust. Today
11
(2
), 18
–25
.13.
Deleau
, M. J.
, White
, P. R.
, Peirson
, G.
, Leighton
, T. G.
, and Kemp
, P. S.
(2019
). “Use of acoustics to enhance the efficiency of physical screens designed to protect downstream moving European eel (Anguilla anguilla)
,” Fish. Manage. Ecol.
2019
, 1
–9
.14.
Erbe
, C.
, MacGillivray
, A.
, and Williams
, R.
(2012
). “Mapping cumulative noise from shipping to inform marine spatial planning
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
(5
), EL423
–EL428
.15.
Erbe
, C.
, McCauley
, R.
, McPherson
, C.
, and Gavrilov
, A.
(2013
). “Underwater noise from offshore oil production vessels
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
(6
), EL465
–EL470
.16.
Fillinger
, L.
, Sutin
, A.
, and Sedunov
, A.
(2010
). “Acoustic ship signature measurements by cross-correlation method
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
(2
), 774
–778
.17.
Gray
, L. M.
, and Greeley
, D. S.
(1980
). “Source level model for propeller blade rate radiation for the world's merchant fleet
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
67
(2
), 516
–522
.18.
Halliday
, W. D.
, Insley
, S. J.
, Hilliard
, R. C.
, Jong
, T. D.
, and Pine
, M. K.
(2017
). “Potential impacts of shipping noise on marine mammals in the western Canadian Arctic
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
123
(1–2
), 73
–82
.19.
Hamilton
, E. L.
(1970
). “Sound velocity and related properties of marine sediments, North Pacific
,” J. Geophys. Res.
75
(23
), 4423
–4446
, .20.
Hampton
, L. D.
(1967
). “Acoustic properties of sediments
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
42
(4
), 882
–890
.21.
Henson
, B.
, Li
, J.
, Zakharov
, Y. V.
, and Liu
, C.
(2014
). “Waymark baseband underwater acoustic propagation model
,” in Proceedings of the IEEE Underwater Communications and Networking (UComms)
, September 3–5, Levante, Italy, pp. 1
–5
.22.
Hermannsen
, L.
, Beedholm
, K.
, Tougaard
, J.
, and Madsen
, P. T.
(2014
). “High frequency components of ship noise in shallow water with a discussion of implications for harbor porpoises (phocoena phocoena)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
136
(4
), 1640
–1653
.23.
Holt
, M. M.
, Noren
, D. P.
, Veirs
, V.
, Emmons
, C. K.
, and Veirs
, S.
(2009
). “Speaking up: Killer whales (orcinus orca) increase their call amplitude in response to vessel noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
125
(1
), EL27
–EL32
.24.
Jackson
, D.
, and Richardson
, M.
(2007
). High-Frequency Seafloor Acoustics
(Springer Science & Business Media
, New York
).25.
Jansen
, E.
, and de Jong
, C.
(2017
). “Experimental assessment of underwater acoustic source levels of different ship types
,” IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.
42
(2
), 439
–448
.26.
Jensen
, F. B.
, Kuperman
, W. A.
, Porter
, M. B.
, and Schmidt
, H.
(2011
). Computational Ocean Acoustics
(Springer Science & Business Media
, New York
).27.
Lani
, S. W.
, Sabra
, K. G.
, Hodgkiss
, W. S.
, Kuperman
, W.
, and Roux
, P.
(2013
). “Coherent processing of shipping noise for ocean monitoring
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
(2
), EL108
–EL113
.28.
Li
, J.
(2017
). “DOA tracking in time-varying underwater acoustic communication channels
,” in MTS/IEEE OCEANS 2017
, 19–22 June 2017, Aberdeen, Scotland, pp. 1
–9
.29.
Li
, J.
, White
, P. R.
, Bull
, J. M.
, and Leighton
, T. G.
(2019a
). “A noise impact assessment model for passive acoustic measurements of seabed gas fluxes
,” Ocean Eng.
183
(1
), 294
–304
.30.
Li
, J.
, White
, P. R.
, Roche
, B.
, Bull
, J. M.
, Davis
, J. W.
, Leighton
, T. G.
, Deponte
, M.
, Gordini
, E.
, and Cotterle
, D.
(2019b
). “Natural seabed gas leakage—Variability imposed by tidal cycles
,” in MTS/IEEE OCEANS 2019
, October 27–31, Seattle, WA, pp. 1
–6
.31.
Li
, J.
, and Zakharov
, Y. V.
(2018
). “Efficient use of space-time clustering for underwater acoustic communications
,” IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.
43
(1
), 173
–183
.32.
Li
, J.
, Zakharov
, Y. V.
, and Henson
, B.
(2017
). “Multibranch autocorrelation method for Doppler estimation in underwater acoustic channels
,” IEEE J. Oceanic Eng.
43
(4
), 1099
–1113
.33.
Maggi
, A.
, and Duncan
, A.
(2005
). “Underwater acoustic propagation modeling software-actup v2. 2l
,” Centre for Marine Science and Technology, Curtin University, Australia, pp. 1
–16
.34.
MarineTraffic (
2019
). See http://www.marinetraffic.com for AIS data and wind speed data.35.
Matveev
, K.
(2002
). “Tone generation on a hydrofoil of a high-speed ship
,” Ocean Eng.
29
(10
), 1283
–1293
.36.
McKenna
, M. F.
, Ross
, D.
, Wiggins
, S. M.
, and Hildebrand
, J. A.
(2012
). “Underwater radiated noise from modern commercial ships
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
(1
), 92
–103
.37.
McKenna
, M. F.
, Wiggins
, S. M.
, and Hildebrand
, J. A.
(2013
). “Relationship between container ship underwater noise levels and ship design, operational and oceanographic conditions
,” Sci. Rep.
3
, 1760
–1769.38.
Merchant
, N. D.
, Blondel
, P.
, Dakin
, D. T.
, and Dorocicz
, J.
(2012a
). “Averaging underwater noise levels for environmental assessment of shipping
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
(4
), EL343
–EL34
.39.
Merchant
, N. D.
, Pirotta
, E.
, Barton
, T. R.
, and Thompson
, P. M.
(2014
). “Monitoring ship noise to assess the impact of coastal developments on marine mammals
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
78
(1–2
), 85
–95
.40.
Merchant
, N. D.
, Witt
, M. J.
, Blondel
, P.
, Godley
, B. J.
, and Smith
, G. H.
(2012b
). “Assessing sound exposure from shipping in coastal waters using a single hydrophone and Automatic Identification System (AIS) data
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
64
(7
), 1320
–1329
.41.
Nedwell
, J.
, Langworthy
, J.
, and Howell
, D.
(2003
). “Assessment of sub-sea acoustic noise and vibration from offshore wind turbines and its impact on marine wildlife; initial measurements of underwater noise during construction of offshore windfarms, and comparison with background noise
,” Subacoustech Report Ref. No. 544R0423
, COWRIE.42.
Nowacek
, D. P.
, Thorne
, L. H.
, Johnston
, D. W.
, and Tyack
, P. L.
(2007
). “Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise
,” Mam. Rev.
37
(2
), 81
–115
.43.
Parks
, S. E.
, Clark
, C. W.
, and Tyack
, P. L.
(2007
). “Short- and long-term changes in right whale calling behavior: The potential effects of noise on acoustic communication
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
122
(6
), 3725
–3731
.44.
Piper
, A. T.
, White
, P. R.
, Wright
, R. M.
, Leighton
, T. G.
, and Kemp
, P. S.
(2019
). “Response of seaward-migrating European eel (Anguilla anguilla) to an infrasound deterrent
,” Ecol. Eng.
127
, 480
–486
.45.
Rendell
, L.
, and Gordon
, J.
(1999
). “Vocal response of long-finned pilot whales (Globicephala melas) to military sonar in the Ligurian Sea
,” Mar. Mam. Sci.
15
(1
), 198
–204
.46.
Richardson
, W. J.
, and Würsig
, B.
(1997
). “Influences of man-made noise and other human actions on cetacean behaviour
,” Mar. Freshw. Behav. Phys.
29
(1–4
), 183
–209
.47.
Solan
, M.
, Hauton
, C.
, Godbold
, J. A.
, Wood
, C. L.
, Leighton
, T. G.
, and White
, P.
(2016
). “Anthropogenic sources of underwater sound can modify how sediment-dwelling invertebrates mediate ecosystem properties
,” Sci. Rep.
6
, 20540
–20548
.48.
Tappert
, F. D.
(1977
). “The parabolic approximation method
,” in Wave Propagation and Underwater Acoustics
(Springer
, New York
), pp. 224
–287
.49.
50.
Urick
, R.
(2013
). Principles of Underwater Sound
, 4th ed. (Peninsula Publishing
, Los Altos, CA
).51.
Vasconcelos
, R. O.
, Amorim
, M. C. P.
, and Ladich
, F.
(2007
). “Effects of ship noise on the detectability of communication signals in the Lusitanian toadfish
,” J. Exp. Biol.
210
(12
), 2104
–2112
.52.
Wales
, S. C.
, and Heitmeyer
, R. M.
(2002
). “An ensemble source spectra model for merchant ship-radiated noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
(3
), 1211
–1231
.53.
Williams
, R.
, Erbe
, C.
, Ashe
, E.
, Beerman
, A.
, and Smith
, J.
(2014
). “Severity of killer whale behavioral responses to ship noise: A dose–response study
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
79
(1–2
), 254
–260
.54.
Williams
, R.
, Veirs
, S.
, Veirs
, V.
, Ashe
, E.
, and Mastick
, N.
(2018
). “Approaches to reduce noise from ships operating in important killer whale habitats
,” Mar. Poll. Bull.
139
, 459
–469
.55.
Wittekind
, D. K.
(2014
). “A simple model for the underwater noise source level of ships
,” J. Ship Prod. Des.
30
(1
), 7
–14
.© 2019 Acoustical Society of America.
2019
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.