A semi-automated method is described to range to vocalizing fin whales using the timing and amplitude of multipath arrivals measured on seafloor receivers. Calls are detected and multipath arrivals identified with a matched filter. Multipath times and relative amplitudes are predicted as a function of range by ray tracing. Because the direct and first water-column multiple arrivals are not always observed, different hypotheses for the observed arrival paths must be considered. For two arrivals, an amplitude threshold is used to determine if the first arrival is the direct path and if not, the call is disregarded as distant. When three or more arrivals are detected, three hypotheses for the paths of arrivals are considered; the solution is the hypothesis and range that minimizes the timing and optionally, amplitude ratio or absolute amplitude residual. The method is tested with data from two ocean bottom seismometers, one on the Juan de Fuca Ridge and the other in the Cascadia Basin. Solutions obtained by minimizing a combined residual from timing and an empirical absolute amplitude model extracted from the data yield reliable ranges up to 5 km at both sites, and are sufficient to estimate call density using point transect distance sampling.
References
1.
Anderson
, G. C.
(1964
). “The seasonal and geographic distribution of primary productivity off the Washington and Oregon coasts
,” Limnol Oceanogr.
9
, 284
–302
.2.
Antonov
, J. I.
, Seidov
, D.
, Boyer
, T. P.
, Locarini
, R. A.
, Mishonov
, A. V.
, Garcia
, H. E.
, Baranova
, O. K.
, Zweng
, M. M.
, and Johnson
, D. R.
(2010
). World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 2: Salinity
, edited by S.
Levitus
(U.S. Government Printing Office
, Washington, DC
), 184
pp.3.
Aubauer
, R.
, Lammers
, M. O.
, and Au
, W. W. L.
(2000
). “One-hydrophone method of estimating distance and depth of phonating dolphins in shallow water
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
107
, 2744
–2749
.4.
Brookner
, E.
(1998
). Tracking and Kalman Filtering Made Easy
(Wiley
, Hoboken, NJ
), 477
pp.5.
Buckland
, S. T.
, Anderson
, D. R.
, Burnham
, K. P.
, Laake
, J. L.
, Borchers
, D. L.
, and Thomas
, L.
(2001
). Introduction to Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations
(Oxford University Press
, New York
).6.
Carlson
, R. L.
, and Herrick
, C. N.
(1990
). “Densities and porosities in the oceanic crust and their variations with depth and age
,” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth
95
, 9153
–9170
.7.
Castellote
, M.
, Clark
, C. W.
, and Lammers
, M. O.
(2012
). “Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) population identity in the western Mediterranean Sea
,” Mar. Mammal Sci.
28
, 325
–344
.8.
Charif
, R. A.
, Mellinger
, D. K.
, Dunsmore
, K. J.
, Fristrup
, K. M.
, and Clark
, C. W.
(2002
). “Estimated source levels of fin whale (Baleanoptera physalus) vocalisations: Adjustments for surface interference
,” Mar. Mammal Sci.
18
, 81
–98
.9.
Christeson
, G. L.
, Purdy
, G. M.
, and Fryer
, G. J.
(1994
). “Seismic constraints on shallow crustal emplacement processes at the fast spreading East Pacific Rise
,” J. Geophys. Res.
99
, 17957
–17973
, doi:.10.
Cudrak
, C. F.
, and Clowes
, R. M.
(1993
). “Crustal structure of Endeavour Ridge Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge, From a detailed seismic refraction survey
,” J. Geophys. Res.
98
, 6329
–6349
, doi:.11.
Curtis
, K. R.
, Howe
, B. M.
, and Mercer
, J. A.
(1999
). “Low-frequency ambient sound in the North Pacific: Long time series observations
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
106
, 3189
–3200
.12.
Davis
, E. E.
, Fisher
, A. T.
, and Firth
, J. V.
(1997
). “Introduction and summary: Hydrothermal circulation in the oceanic crust and its consequences on the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge
,” in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Initial Reports
(Ocean Drilling Program
, College Station, TX
), pp. 7
–21
.13.
Dushaw
, B. D.
(2013
). “Worldwide sound speed, temperature, salinity, and buoyancy from the NOAA World ocean Atlas
,” http://staff.washington.edu/dushaw/WOA/ (Last viewed October 2017).14.
Dushaw
, B. D.
, Worcester
, P. F.
, Dzieciuch
, M. A.
, and Menemenlis
, D.
(2013
). “On the time-mean state of ocean models and the properties of long range acoustic propagation: Ocean Models and Long-Range Acoustics
,” J. Geophys. Res. Oceans
118
, 4346
–4362
.15.
del Grosso
, V. A.
(1974
). “New Equation for the speed of sound in natural waters with comparisons to other equations
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
56
, 1084
–1091
.16.
Gilbert
, L. A.
, and Johnson
, H. P.
(1999
). “Direct measurements of oceanic crustal density at the northern Juan de Fuca Ridge
,” Geophys. Res. Lett.
26
, 3633
–3636
, doi:.17.
Harris
, D.
, Matias
, L.
, Thomas
, L.
, Harwood
, J.
, and Geissler
, W. H.
(2013
). “Applying distance sampling to fin whale calls recorded by single seismic instruments in the northeast Atlantic
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
, 3522
–3535
.18.
Haug
, A. J.
(2012
). Bayesian Estimation and Tracking: A Practical Guide
(Wiley
, Hoboken, NJ
), 369
pp.19.
Ikelle
, L. T.
, and Amundsen
, L.
(2005
). Introduction to Petroleum Seismology
(Society of Exploration Geophysicists
, Tulsa, OK
).20.
Kinsler
, L. E.
, Frey
, A. R.
, Coppens
, A. B.
, and Sanders
, J. V.
(1999
). Fundamentals of Acoustics
, 4th ed. (John Wiley and Sons
, New York
).21.
Koot
, B.
(2015
). “Winter behaviour and population structure of fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in British Columbia inferred from passive acoustic data
,” Master's thesis, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.22.
Küsel
, E. T.
, Mellinger
, D. K.
, Thomas
, L.
, Marques
, T. A.
, Moretti
, D.
, and Ward
, J.
(2011
). “Cetacean population density estimation from single fixed sensors using passive acoustics
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
, 3610
–3622
.23.
Laist
, D. W.
, Knowlton
, A. R.
, Mead
, J. G.
, Collet
, A. S.
, and Podesta
, M.
(2001
). “Collisions between ships and whales
,” Mar. Mammal Sci.
17
, 35
–75
.24.
Locarini
, R. A.
, Mishinov
, A. V.
, Antonov
, J. I.
, Boyer
, T. P.
, Garcia
, H. E.
, Baranova
, O. K.
, Zweng
, M. M.
, and Johnson
, D. R.
(2010
). World Ocean Atlas 2009, Volume 1: Temperature
, edited by S.
Levitus
(U.S. Government Printing Office
, Washington, DC
).25.
Marques
, T. A.
, Thomas
, L.
, Ward
, J.
, DiMarzio
, N.
, and Tyack
, P. L.
(2009
). “Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: An example with Blainville's beaked whales
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
125
, 1982
–1994
.26.
Matias
, L.
, and Harris
, D.
(2015
). “A single-station method for the detection, classification and location of fin whale calls using ocean-bottom seismic stations
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
138
, 504
–520
.27.
McDonald
, M. A.
, and Fox
, C. G.
(1999
). “Passive acoustic methods applied to fin whale population density estimation
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
105
, 2643
–2651
.28.
McDonald
, M. A.
, Hildebrand
, J. A.
, and Webb
, S. C.
(1995
). “Blue and fin whales observed on a seafloor array in the Northeast Pacific
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
98
, 712
–721
.29.
Mellinger
, D. K.
, and Clark
, C. W.
(2000
). “Recognizing transient low-frequency whale sounds by spectrogram correlation
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
107
, 3518
–3529
.30.
Mellinger
, D. K.
, Küsel
, E. T.
, Harris
, D.
, Thomas
, L.
, and Matias
, L.
(2014
). “Estimating singing fin whale population density using frequency band energy
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
136
, 2275
.31.
Mizroch
, S. A.
, Rice
, D. W.
, Zwiefelhofer
, D.
, Waite
, J.
, and Perryman
, W. L.
(2009
). “Distribution and movements of fin whales in the North Pacific Ocean
,” Mammal Rev.
39
, 193
–227
.32.
Moore
, S. E.
, Stafford
, K. M.
, Dahlheim
, M. E.
, Fox
, C. G.
, Braham
, H. W.
, Polovina
, J. J.
, and Bain
, D. E.
(1998
). “Seasonal variation in reception of fin whale calls at five geographic areas in the north Pacific
,” Mar. Mammal Sci.
14
, 617
–627
.33.
Mottl
, M. J.
, Wheat
, G.
, Baker
, E.
, Becker
, N.
, Davis
, E.
, Feely
, R.
, Grehan
, A.
, Kadko
, D.
, Lilley
, M.
, Massoth
, G.
, Moyer
, C.
, and Sansone
, F.
(1998
). “Warm springs discovered on 35 Ma oceanic crust, eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca Ridge
,” Geology
26
, 51
–54
.34.
Mouillot
, D.
, and Viale
, D.
(2001
). “Satellite tracking of a fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) in the north-western Mediterranean Sea and fractal analysis of its trajectory
,” Hydrobiologia
452
, 163
–171
.35.
Nedimović
, M. R.
, Carbotte
, S. M.
, Diebold
, J. B.
, Harding
, A. J.
, Canales
, J. P.
, and Kent
, G. M.
(2008
). “Upper crustal evolution across the Juan de Fuca ridge flanks
,” Geochem. Geophys. Geosystems.
9
, Q09006
.36.
Oleson
, E. M.
(2005
). “Calling behavior of blue and fin whales off California
,” Ph.D., University of California, San Diego, CA, 180
pp.37.
Panigada
, S.
, Pesante
, G.
, Zanardelli
, M.
, Capoulade
, F.
, Gannier
, A.
, and Weinrich
, M. T.
(2006
). “Mediterranean fin whales at risk from fatal ship strikes
,” Mar. Pollut. Bull.
52
, 1287
–1298
.38.
Porter
, M. B.
, and Bucker
, H. P.
(1987
). “Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
82
, 1349
–1359
.39.
Rebull
, O. G.
, Diaz Cusi
, J.
, Ruiz Fernández
, M.
, and Muset
, J. G.
(2006
). “Tracking fin whale calls offshore the Galicia Margin, North East Atlantic Ocean
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
120
, 2077
–2085
.40.
Rosenberger
, A.
, Davis
, E. E.
, and Villinger
, H.
(2000
). “Data report: Hydrocell-95 and ‐96 single-channel seismic data on the eastern Juan de Fuca Ridge flank
,” in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program Scientific Results
, edited by A. T.
Fisher
, E. E.
Davis
, and C.
Escutia
(Ocean Drilling Program
, College Station, TX
), Vol. 168
, pp. 9
–19
.41.
Sen
, M. K.
, Frazer
, L. N.
, Mallick
, S.
, and Chapman
, N. R.
(1988
). “Analysis of multipath sound propagation in the ocean near 49° N, 128° W
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
83
, 588
–597
.42.
Sklar
, B.
(2001
). Digital Communications: Fundamentals and Applications
, 2nd ed. (Prentice-Hall
, Upper Saddle River, NJ
), 1079
pp.43.
Soule
, D. C.
, and Wilcock
, W. S. D.
(2013
). “Fin whale tracks recorded by a seismic network on the Juan de Fuca Ridge, Northeast Pacific Ocean
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
, 1751
–1761
.44.
Stafford
, K. M.
, Citta
, J. J.
, Moore
, S. E.
, Daher
, M. A.
, and George
, J. E.
(2009
). “Environmental correlates of blue and fin whale call detections in the North Pacific Ocean from 1997 to 2002
,” Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.
395
, 37
–53
.45.
Stakes
, D. S.
, McClain
, J.
, Zandt
, T. V.
, McTill
, P. R.
, and Begnaud
, M.
(1998
). “Corehole seismometer development for low-noise seismic data in a long-term seafloor observatory
,” Geophys. Res. Lett.
25
, 2745
–2748
, doi:.46.
Stimpert
, A. K.
, DeRuiter
, S. L.
, Falcone
, E. A.
, Joseph
, J.
, Douglas
, A. B.
, Moretti
, D. J.
, Friedlaender
, A. S.
, Calambokidis
, J.
, Gailey
, G.
, Tyack
, P. L.
, and Goldbogen
, J. A.
(2015
). “Sound production and associated behavior of tagged fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) in the Southern California Bight
,” Anim. Biotelemetry
3
, 1
.47.
Swift
, S. A.
, Lizarralde
, D.
, Stephen
, R. A.
, and Hoskins
, H.
(1998
). “Velocity structure in upper ocean crust at Hole 504B from vertical seismic profiles
,” J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth
103
, 15361
–15376
.48.
Tiemann
, C. O.
, Thode
, A. M.
, Straley
, J.
, O'Connell
, V.
, and Folkert
, K.
(2006
). “Three-dimensional localization of sperm whales using a single hydrophone
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
120
, 2355
–2365
.49.
Toomey
, D. R.
, Allen
, R. M.
, Barclay
, A. H.
, Bell
, S. W.
, Bromirski
, P. D.
, Carlson
, R. L.
, Chen
, X.
, Collins
, J. A.
, Dziak
, R. P.
, Evers
, B.
, Forsyth
, D. W.
, Gerstoft
, P.
, Hooft
, E. E. E.
, Livelybrooks
, D.
, Lodewyk
, J. A.
, Luther
, D. S.
, McGuire
, J. J.
, Schwartz
, S. Y.
, Tolstoy
, M.
, Trehu
, A. M.
, Weirathmueller
, M.
, and Wilcock
, W. S. D.
(2014
). “The Cascadia Initiative: A sea change in seismological studies of subduction zones
,” Oceanography
27
, 138
–150
.50.
Trehu
, A. M.
(1985
). “Coupling of ocean bottom seismometers to sediment: Results of tests with the US Geological Survey ocean bottom seismometer
,” Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am.
75
, 271
–289
.51.
Van Ark
, E. M.
, Detrick
, R. S.
, Canales
, J. P.
, Carbotte
, S. M.
, Harding
, A. J.
, Kent
, G. M.
, Nedimovic
, M. R.
, Wilcock
, W. S. D.
, Diebold
, J. B.
, and Babcock
, J. M.
(2007
). “Seismic structure of the Endeavour Segment, Juan de Fuca Ridge: Correlations with seismicity and hydrothermal activity
,” J. Geophys. Res.
112
, 1
–22
, doi:.52.
Watkins
, W. A.
, Moore
, K. E.
, Sigurjonsson
, J.
, Wartzok
, D.
, and Notarbartolo di Sciara
(1984
). “Fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus) tracked by radio in the Irminger Sea
,” Rit Fiskid.
8
, 1
–14
.53.
Watkins
, W. A.
, Moore
, K. E.
, Wartzok
, D.
, and Johnson
, J. H.
(1981
). “Radio tracking of finback (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback (Megaptera novaeangliae) whales in Prince William Sound, Alaska
,” Deep Sea Res.
28A
, 577
–588
.54.
Watkins
, W. A.
, Tyack
, P.
, Moore
, K. E.
, and Bird
, J. E.
(1987
). “The 20-Hz signals of finback whales (Balaenoptera physalus)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
82
, 1901
–1912
.55.
Weirathmueller
, M. J.
, Wilcock
, W. S.
, and Soule
, D. C.
(2013
). “Source levels of fin whale 20 Hz pulses measured in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
, 741
–749
.56.
Wilcock
, W. S. D.
(2012
). “Tracking fin whales in the northeast Pacific Ocean with a seafloor seismic network
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
, 2408
–2419
.57.
Williams
, R.
, and O'Hara
, P.
(2010
). “Modelling ship strike risk to fin, humpback and killer whales in British Columbia, Canada
,” J. Cetacean Res. Manag.
11
, 1
–8
.© 2017 Acoustical Society of America.
2017
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.