The generalized power spectrum model [GPSM; Biberger and Ewert (2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 1023–1038], combining the “classical” concept of the power-spectrum model (PSM) and the envelope power spectrum-model (EPSM), was demonstrated to account for several psychoacoustic and speech intelligibility (SI) experiments. The PSM path of the model uses long-time power signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs), while the EPSM path uses short-time envelope power SNRs. A systematic comparison of existing SI models for several spectro-temporal manipulations of speech maskers and gender combinations of target and masker speakers [Schubotz et al. (2016). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 140, 524–540] showed the importance of short-time power features. Conversely, Jørgensen et al. [(2013). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 134, 436–446] demonstrated a higher predictive power of short-time envelope power SNRs than power SNRs using reverberation and spectral subtraction. Here the GPSM was extended to utilize short-time power SNRs and was shown to account for all psychoacoustic and SI data of the three mentioned studies. The best processing strategy was to exclusively use either power or envelope-power SNRs, depending on the experimental task. By analyzing both domains, the suggested model might provide a useful tool for clarifying the contribution of amplitude modulation masking and energetic masking.
References
1.
ANSI
(1969
). S3.5, Methods for the Calculation of the Articulation Index
(Acoustical Society of America
, New York
).2.
ANSI
(1997
). S3.5, Methods for Calculation of the Speech Intelligibility Index
(Acoustical Society of America
, New York
).3.
Barker
, J.
, and Cooke
, M.
(2007
). “Modelling speaker intelligibility in noise
,” Speech Commun.
49
, 402
–417
.4.
Beutelmann
, R.
, Brand
, T.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(2010
). “Revision, extension and evaluation of a binaural speech intelligibility model
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
127
, 2479
–2497
.5.
Biberger
, T.
, and Ewert
, S. D.
(2016
). “Envelope and intensity based prediction of psychoacoustic masking and speech intelligibility
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
140
, 1023
–1038
.6.
Chabot-Leclerc
, A.
, Jørgensen
, S.
, and Dau
, T.
(2014
). “The role of auditory spectro-temporal modulation filtering and the decision metric for speech intelligibility prediction
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
135
, 3502
–3512
.7.
Dau
, T.
, Kollmeier
, B.
, and Kohlrausch
, A.
(1997a
). “Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation. I. Detection and masking with narrow-band carriers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
102
, 2892
–2905
.8.
Dau
, T.
, Kollmeier
, B.
, and Kohlrausch
, A.
(1997b
). “Modeling auditory processing of amplitude modulation. II. Spectral and temporal integration
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
102
, 2906
–2919
.9.
Dubbelboer
, F.
, and Houtgast
, T.
(2008
). “The concept of signal-to-noise ratio in the modulation domain and speech intelligibility
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
124
, 3937
–3946
.10.
Eddins
, D. A.
, Hall
, J. W.
, and Grose
, J. H.
(1992
). “Detection of temporal gaps as a function of frequency region and absolute noise bandwidth
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
91
, 1069
–1077
.11.
Elhilali
, M.
, Chi
, T.
, and Shamma
, S. A.
(2003
). “A spectro-temporal modulation index (STMI) for assessment of speech intelligibility
,” Speech Commun.
41
, 331
–348
.12.
Ewert
, S. D.
, and Dau
, T.
(2000
). “Characterizing frequency selectivity for envelope fluctuations
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
108
, 1181
–1196
.13.
Ewert
, S. D.
, and Dau
, T.
(2004
). “External and internal limitations in amplitude-modulation processing
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 478
–490
.14.
Ewert
, S. D.
, Verhey
, J. L.
, and Dau
, T.
(2002
). “Spectro-temporal processing in the envelope-frequency domain
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
112
, 2921
–2931
.15.
Festen
, J. M.
(1993
). “Contributions of comodulation masking release and temporal resolution to the speech-reception threshold masked by an interfering voice
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
94
, 1295
–1300
.16.
Fraunhofer IDMT
(2013
). “SIP-Toolbox: Sound Quality and Speech Intelligibility Prediction Toolbox
,” Fraunhofer IDMT, Oldenburg, Germany, http://www.idmt.fraunhofer.de/de/institute/projects_products/q_t/sip-toolbox.html (Last viewed July 20, 2017).17.
George
, E. L. J.
, Festen
, J. M.
, and Houtgast
, T.
(2008
). “The combined effects of reverberation and nonstationary noise on sentence intelligibility
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
124
, 1269
–1277
.18.
Hall
, J. W.
, Haggard
, M. P.
, and Fernandes
, M. A.
(1984
). “Detection in noise by spectro-temporal pattern analysis
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
76
, 50
–56
.19.
Hochmuth
, S.
, Jürgens
, T.
, Brand
, T.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(2014
). “Multilingualer Cocktailparty-Einfluss von sprecher- und sprachspezifischen Faktoren auf die Sprachverständlichkeit im Störschall” (“Multilingual effect of speaker- and speech-specific factors on speech intelligibility in noise in cocktail party situations”)
, in Proceedings of the 17th Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Audiologie
, Oldenburg, Germany
.20.
Holube
, I.
, Fredelake
, S.
, Vlaming
, M.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(2010
). “Development and analysis of an International Speech Test Signal (ISTS)
,” Int. J. Audiol.
49
, 891
–903
.21.
Houtsma
, A. J. M.
, Durlach
, N. I.
, and Braida
, L. D.
(1980
). “Intensity perception. XI. Experimental results on the relation of intensity resolution to loudness matching
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
68
, 807
–813
.22.
ISO
(2005
). 389-7, Acoustics-Reference Zero for the Calibration of Audiometric Equipment. Part 7: Reference Threshold of Hearing Under Free-Field and Diffuse-Field Listening Conditions
(International Organization for Standardization
, Geneva, Switzerland
).23.
Jepsen
, M. L.
, Ewert
, S. D.
, and Dau
, T.
(2008
). “A computational model of human auditory signal processing and perception
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
124
, 422
–438
.24.
Jørgensen
, S.
, and Dau
, T.
(2011
). “Predicting speech intelligibility based on the signal-to-noise envelope power ratio after modulation-frequency selective processing
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
130
, 1475
–1487
.25.
Jørgensen
, S.
, Ewert
, S. D.
, and Dau
, T.
(2013
). “A multi-resolution envelope-power based model for speech intelligibility
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
, 436
–446
.26.
Kohlrausch
, A.
, Fassel
, R.
, and Dau
, T.
(2000
). “The influence of carrier level and frequency on modulation and beat-detection thresholds for sinusoidal carriers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
108
, 723
–734
.27.
Kollmeier
, B.
, Rennies
, J.
, and Brand
, T.
(2011
). “Tools to predict binaural speech intelligibility in complex listening environment for normal and hearing-impaired listeners
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
, 2669
.28.
Lorenzi
, C.
, Husson
, M.
, Ardoint
, M.
, and Debruille
, X.
(2006
). “Speech masking release in listeners with flat hearing loss: Effects of masker fluctuation rate on identification scores and phonetic feature reception
,” Int. J. Audiol.
45
, 487
–495
.29.
Ludvigsen
, C.
(1985
). “Relations among some psychoacoustic parameters in normal and cochlearly impaired listeners
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
78
, 1271
–1280
.30.
Meyer
, R. M.
, and Brand
, T.
(2013
). “Comparison of different short-term speech intelligibility index procedures in fluctuating noise for listeners with normal and impaired hearing
,” Acta Acust. Acust.
99
, 442
–456
.31.
Moore
, B. C. J.
(1997
). An Introduction to the Psychology of Hearing
, 4th ed. (Academic
, London, UK
).32.
Moore
, B. C. J.
, Alcántara
, J. I.
, and Dau
, T.
(1998
). “Masking patterns for sinusoidal and narrow-band noise maskers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
104
, 1023
–1038
.33.
Moore
, B. C. J.
, and Glasberg
, B. R.
(1983
). “Suggested formulae for calculating auditory filter bandwidth and excitation patterns
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
74
, 750
–753
.34.
Nielsen
, J. B.
, and Dau
, T.
(2009
). “Development of a Danish speech intelligibility test
,” Int. J. Audiol.
48
, 729
–741
.35.
Relaño-Iborra
, H.
, May
, T.
, Zaar
, J.
, Scheidiger
, C.
, and Dau
, T.
(2016
). “Predicting speech intelligibility based on a correlation metric in the envelope power spectrum domain
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
140
, 2670
–2679
.36.
Rennies
, J.
, Warzybok
, A.
, Brand
, T.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(2014
). “Modeling the effects of a single reflection on binaural speech intelligibility
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
135
, 1556
–1567
.37.
Rhebergen
, K. S.
, and Versfeld
, N. J.
(2005
). “A Speech Intelligibility Index-based approach to predict the speech reception threshold for sentences in fluctuating noise for normal-hearing listeners
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 2181
–2192
.38.
Rhebergen
, K. S.
, Versfeld
, N. J.
, and Dreschler
, W. A.
(2006
). “Extended speech intelligibility index for the prediction of the speech reception threshold in fluctuating noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
120
, 3988
–3997
.39.
Schubotz
, W.
, Brand
, T.
, Kollmeier
, B.
, and Ewert
, S. D.
(2016
). “Monaural speech intelligibility and detection in maskers with varying amounts of spectro-temporal speech features
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
140
, 524
–540
.40.
Shailer
, M. J.
, and Moore
, B. C. J.
(1983
). “Gap detection as a function of frequency bandwidth and level
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
74
, 467
–473
.41.
Steeneken
, H. J. M.
, and Houtgast
, T.
(1980
). “A physical method for measuring speech-transmission quality
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
67
, 318
–326
.42.
Stone
, M. A.
, Füllgrabe
, C.
, and Moore
, B. C. J.
(2012
). “Notionally steady background noise act primarily as a modulation masker of speech
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
, 317
–326
.43.
Taal
, C. H.
, Hendriks
, R. C.
, Heusdens
, R.
, and Jensen
, J.
(2011
). “An algorithm for intelligibility prediction of time-frequency weighted noisy speech
,” IEEE Trans. Audio Speech Lang. Process.
19
, 2125
–2136
.44.
Tanner
, W. P.
, and Sorkin
, R. D.
(1972
). “The theory of signal detectability
,” in Foundation of Modern Auditory Function
(Academic
, New York
), pp. 63
–97
.45.
Verhey
, J. L.
, Dau
, T.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(1999
). “Within-channel cues in comodulation masking release (CMR): Experiments and model predictions using a modulation-filterbank model
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
106
, 2733
–2745
.46.
Viemeister
, N. F.
(1979
). “Temporal modulation transfer functions based upon modulation thresholds
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
66
, 1364
–1380
.47.
Wagener
, K.
, Brand
, T.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(1999
). “Entwicklung und Evaluation eines Satztests für die deutsche Sprache III: Design, Optimierung und Evaluation des Oldenburger Satztests” (“Development and evaluation of a sentence test for German language III: Design, optimization and evaluation of the Oldenburg sentence test”)
, Z. Audiol.
38
, 86
–95
.48.
Wagener
, K.
, Hochmuth
, S.
, Ahrlich
, M.
, Zokoll
, M.
, and Kollmeier
, B.
(2014
). “Der weibliche Oldenburger Satztest” (“The female version of the Oldenburg sentence test”)
, in Proceedings of the 17th Jahrestagung der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Audiologie
, Oldenburg, Germany
.© 2017 Acoustical Society of America.
2017
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
