An existing technique for passive bottom-loss estimation from natural marine surface noise (generated by waves and wind) is adapted to use noise generated by ships. The original approach—based on beamforming of the noise field recorded by a vertical line array of hydrophones—is retained; however, additional processing is needed in order for the field generated by a passing ship to show features that are similar to those of the natural surface-noise field. A necessary requisite is that the ship position, relative to the array, varies over as wide a range of steering angles as possible, ideally passing directly over the array to ensure coverage of the steepest angles. The methodology is illustrated through simulation and applied to data from a field experiment conducted offshore of San Diego, CA in 2009.
References
1.
C.
Ferla
and F. B.
Jensen
, “Are current environmental databases adequate for sonar predictions in shallow water?
,” in Impact of Littoral Environmental Variability on Acoustic Predictions and Sonar Performance
, edited by N. G.
Pace
and F. B.
Jensen
(Springer Science+Business Media
, Dordrecht, the Netherlands
, 2002
), pp. 555
–562
.2.
R. A.
Koch
and D. P.
Knobles
, “Geoacoustic inversion with ships as sources
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 626
–637
(2005
).3.
S. E.
Crocker
, P. L.
Nielsen
, J. H.
Miller
, and M.
Siderius
, “Geoacoustic inversion of ship radiated noise in shallow water using data from a single hydrophone
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
136
, EL362
–EL368
(2014
).4.
D. J.
Battle
, P.
Gerstoft
, W. A.
Kuperman
, W. S.
Hodgkiss
, and M.
Siderius
, “Geoacoustic inversion of tow-ship noise via near-field-matched-field processing
,” IEEE J. Ocean. Eng.
28
, 454
–467
(2003
).5.
C.
Park
, W.
Seong
, and P.
Gerstoft
, “Geoacoustic inversion in time domain using ship of opportunity noise recorded on a horizontal towed array
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 1933
–1941
(2005
).6.
D.
Tollefsen
and S. E.
Dosso
, “Bayesian geoacoustic inversion of ship noise on a horizontal array
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
124
, 788
–795
(2008
).7.
N. R.
Chapman
, R. M.
Dizaji
, and R. L.
Kirlin
, “Inversion of geoacoustic model parameters using ship radiated noise
,” in Acoustic Sensing Techniques for the Shallow Water Environment
(Springer
, the Netherlands
, 2006
), pp. 289
–302
.8.
C.
Gervaise
, B. G.
Kinda
, J.
Bonnel
, Y.
Stéphan
, and S.
Vallez
, “Passive geoacoustic inversion with a single hydrophone using broadband ship noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
, 1999
–2010
(2012
).9.
C. H.
Harrison
and D. G.
Simons
, “Geoacoustic inversion of ambient noise: A simple method
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
112
, 1377
–1389
(2002
).10.
M.
Siderius
and C.
Harrison
, “High-frequency geoacoustic inversion of ambient noise data using short arrays
,” AIP Conf. Proc.
728
, 22
–31
(2004
).11.
C. H.
Harrison
, “Sub-bottom profiling using ocean ambient noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
115
, 1505
–1515
(2004
).12.
J. E.
Quijano
, S. E.
Dosso
, J.
Dettmer
, L. M.
Zurk
, M.
Siderius
, and C. H.
Harrison
, “Bayesian geoacoustic inversion using wind-driven ambient noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
, 2658
–2667
(2012
).13.
P. L.
Nielsen
, M.
Siderius
, and L.
Muzi
, “Performance assessment of a short hydrophone array for seabed characterization using natural-made ambient noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
136
, 2155
(2014
).14.
J. I.
Arvelo
, “Robustness and constraints of ambient noise inversion
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
123
, 679
–686
(2008
).15.
L.
Muzi
, M.
Siderius
, J.
Quijano
, and S.
Dosso
, “High-resolution bottom-loss estimation using the ambient-noise vertical coherence function
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
137
, 481
–491
(2015
).16.
S. W.
Lani
, K. G.
Sabra
, W. S.
Hodgkiss
, W. A.
Kuperman
, and P.
Roux
, “Coherent processing of shipping noise for ocean monitoring
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
, EL108
–EL113
(2013
).17.
C. M.
Verlinden
, J.
Sarkar
, W. S.
Hodgkiss
, W. A.
Kuperman
, and K. G.
Sabra
, “Passive acoustic source localization using sources of opportunity
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
138
, EL54
–EL59
(2015
).18.
F. B.
Jensen
, W. A.
Kuperman
, M. B.
Porter
, and H.
Schmidt
, “Fundamentals of ocean acoustics
,” in Computational Ocean Acoustics
, 2nd ed. (Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing) (Springer
, New York
, 2011
), Chap. 1, pp. 38
–50
.19.
C. H.
Harrison
, “Formulas for ambient noise level and coherence
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
99
, 2055
–2066
(1996
).20.
M. J.
Buckingham
, “A theoretical model of ambient noise in a low-loss, shallow water channel
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
67
, 1186
–1192
(1980
).21.
W. S.
Liggett
and M. J.
Jacobson
, “Noise covariance and vertical directivity in a deep ocean
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
39
, 280
–288
(1966
).22.
D. R.
Barclay
and M. J.
Buckingham
, “Depth dependence of wind-driven, broadband ambient noise in the Philippine Sea
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
, 62
–71
(2013
).23.
J. D.
Skinner
and W. S.
Hodgkiss
, “A networked/autonomous receiving array system
,” in IEEE OCEANS
. Available at (2008
) (Last viewed June 5, 2017).24.
G. B.
Deane
, M. J.
Buckingham
, and C. T.
Tindle
, “Vertical coherence of ambient noise in shallow water overlying a fluid seabed
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
102
, 3413
–3424
(1997
).25.
H.
Schmidt
, OASES Version 3.1 User Guide and Reference Manual
, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
, Cambridge, MA
(2004
).© 2017 Acoustical Society of America.
2017
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.