The probability of detecting echolocating delphinids on a near-seafloor sensor was estimated using two Monte Carlo simulation methods. One method estimated the probability of detecting a single click (cue counting); the other estimated the probability of detecting a group of delphinids (group counting). Echolocation click beam pattern and source level assumptions strongly influenced detectability predictions by the cue counting model. Group detectability was also influenced by assumptions about group behaviors. Model results were compared to in situ recordings of encounters with Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus) and presumed pantropical spotted dolphin (Stenella attenuata) from a near-seafloor four-channel tracking sensor deployed in the Gulf of Mexico (25.537°N 84.632°W, depth 1220 m). Horizontal detection range, received level and estimated source level distributions from localized encounters were compared with the model predictions. Agreement between in situ results and model predictions suggests that simulations can be used to estimate detection probabilities when direct distance estimation is not available.
References
1.
Ainslie
, M. A.
(2013
). “Neglect of bandwidth of odontocetes echolocation clicks biases propagation loss and single hydrophone population estimates
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
, 3506
–3512
.2.
Au
, W. W. L.
(1993
). The Sonar of Dolphins
(Springer-Verlag
, New York)
, pp. 104
–114
.3.
Au
, W. W. L.
, Branstetter
, B.
, Moore
, P. W.
, and Finneran
, J. J.
(2012a
). “Dolphin biosonar signals measured at extreme off-axis angles: Insights to sound propagation in the head
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
132
, 1199
–1206
.4.
Au
, W. W. L.
, Branstetter
, B.
, Moore
, P. W.
, and Finneran
, J. J.
(2012b
). “The biosonar field around an Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
, 569
–576
.5.
Au
, W. W. L.
, and Herzing
, D.
(2003
). “Echolocation signals of wild Atlantic spotted dolphin (Stenella frontalis)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
113
, 598
–604
.6.
Au
, W. W. L.
, Moore
, P. W. B.
, and Pawloski
, D.
(1986
). “Echolocation transmitting beam of the Atlantic bottlenose dolphin
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
80
, 688
–691
.7.
Au
, W. W. L.
, Pawloski
, J. L.
, Nachtigall
, P. E.
, Blonz
, M.
, and Gisner
, R. C.
(1995
). “Echolocation signals and transmission beam pattern of a false killer whale (Pseudorca crassidens)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
98
, 51
–59
.8.
Baird
, R. W.
, Ligon
, A. D.
, Hooker
, S. K.
, and Gorgone
, A. M.
(2001
). “Subsurface and nighttime behaviour of pantropical spotted dolphins in Hawai'i
,” Can. J. Zool.
79
, 988
–996
.9.
Buckland
, S. T.
(2006
). “Point-transect surveys for songbirds: Robust methodologies
,” The Auk
123
, 345
–357
.10.
Buckland
, S. T.
, Anderson
, D. R.
, Burnham
, K. P.
, Laake
, J. L.
, Borchers
, D. L.
, and Thomas
, L.
(2001
). Introduction to Distance Sampling: Estimating Abundance of Biological Populations
(Oxford University Press
, Oxford, UK
), 448
pp.11.
Fish
, J. F.
, and Turl
, C. W.
(1976
). “Acoustic source levels of four species of small whales
,” NUC TP547, NTIS AD-A037620, U.S. Naval Undersea Center, San Diego, CA.12.
Frasier
, K. E.
(2015
). “Density estimation of delphinids using passive acoustics: A case study in the Gulf of Mexico
,” doctoral dissertation, University of California
, San Diego, CA
.13.
Glennie
, R.
, Buckland
, S. T.
, and Thomas
, L.
(2015
). “The effect of animal movement on line transect estimates of abundance
,” PLoS One
10
(3
), e0121333
.14.
Götz
, T.
, Verfuß
, U. K.
, and Schnitzler
, H.-U.
(2006
). “ ‘Eavesdropping’ in wild rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis)?
,” Biol. Lett.
2
, 5
–7
.15.
Harris
, D. V.
(2012
). “Estimating whale abundance using sparse hydrophone arrays
,” doctoral dissertation, University of St Andrews
, St. Andrews, UK
, pp. 10
–43
.16.
Hastie
, G.
, Wilson
, B.
, and Thompson
, P.
(2006
). “Diving deep in a foraging hotspot: Acoustic insights into bottlenose dolphin dive depths and feeding behaviour
,” Mar. Biol.
148
, 1181
–1188
.17.
Heide-Jørgensen
, M. P.
, Bloch
, D.
, Stefansson
, E.
, Mikkelsen
, B.
, Ofstad
, L. H.
, and Dietz
, R.
(2002
). “Diving behaviour of long-finned pilot whales Globicephala melas around the Faroe Islands
,” Wildlife Biol.
8
, 307
–313
.18.
Helble
, T.
, D'Spain
, G.
, Campbell
, G.
, and Hildebrand
, J.
(2013a
). “Calibrating passive acoustic monitoring: Correcting humpback whale call detections for site-specific and time-dependent environmental characteristics
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
, EL400
–EL406
.19.
Helble
, T.
, D'Spain
, G.
, Hildebrand
, J.
, Campbell
, G.
, Campbell
, R.
, and Heaney
, K.
(2013b
). “Site specific probability of passive acoustic detection of humpback whale calls from single fixed hydrophones
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
134
, 2556
–2570
.20.
Hildebrand
, J.
, Baumann-Pickering
, S.
, Frasier
, K.
, Tricky
, J.
, Merkens
, K.
, Wiggins
, S.
, McDonald
, M.
, Harris
, D.
, Marques
, T.
, and Thomas
, L.
(2015
). “Passive acoustic monitoring of beaked whale densities in the Gulf of Mexico during and after the Deepwater Horizon oil spill
,” Nat. Sci. Rep.
5
, 16343
, 1–15.21.
Jensen
, F. H.
, Wahlberg
, M.
, Beedholm
, K.
, Johnson
, M.
, de Soto
, N. A.
, and Madsen
, P. T.
(2015
). “Single-click beam patterns suggest dynamic changes to the field of view of echolocating Atlantic spotted dolphins (Stenella frontalis) in the wild
,” J. Exp. Biol.
218
(9
), 1314
–1324
.22.
Kruse
, S.
, Caldwell
, D. K.
, and Caldwell
, M. C.
(1999
). “Risso's dolphin Grampus griseus (G. Cuvier, 1812)
,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 6: The Second Book of Dolphins and the Porpoises
, edited by S. H.
Ridgway
and R.
Harrison
(Academic Press
, San Diego, CA
), pp. 183
–212
.23.
Küsel
, E. T.
, Mellinger
, D. K.
, Thomas
, L.
, Marques
, T. A.
, Moretti
, D.
, and Ward
, J.
(2011
). “Cetacean population density estimation from single fixed sensors using passive acoustics
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
, 3610
–3622
.24.
Kyhn
, L. A.
, Tougaard
, J.
, Thomas
, L.
, Duve
, L. R.
, Stenback
, J.
, Amundin
, M.
, Desportes
, G.
, and Teilmann
, J.
(2012
). “From echolocation clicks to animal density—Acoustic sampling of harbor porpoises with static dataloggers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
(1
), 550
–560
.25.
Madsen
, P. T.
, Kerr
, I.
, and Payne
, R.
(2004
). “Echolocation clicks of two free-ranging, oceanic delphinids with different food preferences: False killer whales Pseudorca crassidens and Risso's dolphins Grampus griseus
,” J. Exp. Biol.
207
, 1811
–1823
.26.
Marques
, T. A.
, Thomas
, L.
, Martin
, S. W.
, Mellinger
, D. K.
, Ward
, J. A.
, Moretti
, D. J.
, Harris
, D.
, and Tyack
, P. L.
(2013
). “Estimating animal population density using passive acoustics
,” Biol. Rev.
88
, 287
–309
.27.
Marques
, T.
, Thomas
, L.
, Ward
, J.
, DiMarzio
, N.
, and Tyack
, P.
(2009
). “Estimating cetacean population density using fixed passive acoustic sensors: An example with Blainville's beaked whales
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
125
, 1982
–1994
.28.
Metropolis
, N.
, and Ulam
, S.
(1949
). “The Monte Carlo Method
,” J. Am. Stat. Assoc.
44
, 335
–341
.29.
Mountain
, D. C.
, Anderson
, D.
, Voysey
, G.
, and Brughera
, A.
(2013
). “The effects of sound in the marine environment workbench: A simulation tool to predict the impact of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
133
, 3494
.30.
Mullin
, K.
, and Fulling
, G.
(2004
). “Abundance of cetaceans in the oceanic northern Gulf of Mexico, 1996-2001
,” Mar. Mamm. Sci.
20
(4
), 787
–807
.31.
Perrin
, W. F.
(2001
). “Stenella attenuata
,” Mammal. Spec.
683
, 1
–8
.32.
Perrin
, W. F.
, and Hohn
, A. A.
, (1994
). “Pantropical spotted dolphin Stenella attenuata (Meyen, 1833)
,” in Handbook of Marine Mammals, Volume 5: The First Book of Dolphins
, edited by S. H.
Ridgway
and R.
Harrison
(Academic Press
, London, UK
), pp. 129
–159
.33.
Porter
, M. B.
(1991
). “The KRAKEN normal mode program
,” SACLANTCEN Mem. SM-245, 198
pp.34.
Porter
, M. B.
, and Bucker
, H. P.
(1987
). “Gaussian beam tracing for computing ocean acoustic fields
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
82
, 1349
–1359
.35.
Porter
, M. B.
, and Liu
, Y.-C.
(1994
). “Finite-element ray tracing
,” in Proceedings of the International Conference on Theoretical Computational Acoustics
, Vol. 2, pp. 947
–956
.36.
Rasmussen
, M. H.
, Miller
, L. A.
, and Au
, W. W. L.
(2002
). “Source levels of clicks from free-ranging white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris Gray 1846) recorded in Icelandic waters
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
, 1122
–1125
.37.
Rasmussen
, M. H.
, Wahlberg
, M.
, and Miller
, L. A.
(2004
). “Estimated transmission beam pattern of clicks recorded from free-ranging white-beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 1826
–1831
.38.
Rayleigh
, L.
(1945
). The Theory of Sound
(Dover Publications
, New York)
, Vol. 1
, pp. 96
–117
.39.
Scott
, M. D.
, and Chivers
, S. J.
(2009
). “Movements and diving behavior of pelagic spotted dolphins
,” Mar. Mamm. Sci.
25
, 137
–160
.40.
Smith
, A. B.
, Kloepper
, L. N.
, Yang
, W. C.
, Huang
, W. H.
, Jen
, I. F.
, Rideout
, B. P.
, and Nachtigall
, P. E.
(2016
). “Transmission beam characteristics of a Risso's dolphin (Grampus griseus)
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
139
(1
), 53
–62
.41.
Thomas
, L.
, Buckland
, S.
, Rexstad
, E.
, Laake
, J.
, Strindberg
, S.
, Hedley
, S.
, Bishop
, J.
, Marques
, T.
, and Burnham
, K.
(2010
). “Distance software: Design and analysis of distance sampling surveys for estimating population size
,” J. Appl. Ecol.
47
, 5
–14
.47.
Urick
, R. J.
(1967
). Principles of Underwater Sound for Engineers
(Tata McGraw-Hill Education
).42.
Ward
, J.
, Jarvis
, S.
, Moretti
, D.
, Morrissey
, R.
, DiMarzio
, N.
, Johnson
, M.
, Tyack
, P.
, Thomas
, L.
, and Marques
, T.
(2011
). “Beaked whale (Mesoplodon densirostris) passive acoustic detection in increasing ambient noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
, 662
–669
.43.
Wells
, R. S.
, Manire
, C. A.
, Byrd
, L.
, Smith
, D. R.
, Gannon
, J. G.
, Fauquier
, D.
, and Mullin
, K. D.
(2009
). “Movements and dive patterns of a rehabilitated Risso's dolphin, Grampus griseus, in the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean
,” Mar. Mamm. Sci.
25
, 420
–429
.44.
Wiggins
, S. M.
, and Hildebrand
, J. A.
(2007
). “High-frequency Acoustic Recording Package (HARP) for broad-band, long-term marine mammal monitoring
,” in Symposium on Underwater Technology and Workshop on Scientific Use of Submarine Cables and Related Technologies
, (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Tokyo, Japan), pp. 551
–557
.45.
Wiggins
, S. M.
, McDonald
, M. A.
, and Hildebrand
, J. A.
(2012
). “Beaked whale and dolphin tracking using a multichannel autonomous acoustic recorder
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
, 156
–163
.46.
Zimmer
, W. M.
, Tyack
, P. L.
, Johnson
, M. P.
, and Madsen
, P. T.
(2005
). “Three-dimensional beam pattern of regular sperm whale clicks confirms bent-horn hypothesis
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 1473
–1485
.© 2016 Acoustical Society of America.
2016
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
