A simple calculation of the wind noise measured at the center of a large porous wind fence enclosure is developed. The calculation provides a good model of the measured wind noise, with a good agreement within ±5 dB, and is derived by combining the wind noise contributions from (a) the turbulence–turbulence and turbulence–shear interactions inside the enclosure, (b) the turbulence interactions on the surface of the enclosure, and (c) the turbulence–shear interactions outside of the enclosure. Each wind noise contribution is calculated from the appropriate measured turbulence spectra, velocity profiles, correlation lengths, and the mean velocity at the center, surface, and outside of the enclosure. The model is verified by comparisons of the measured wind noise to the calculated estimates of the differing noise contributions and their sum.
References
1.
J.
Abbott
, “Optimization of wind fence enclosures for infrasonic wind noise reduction
,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Mississippi
, 2014
.2.
J.
Abbott
, R.
Raspet
, and J.
Webster
, “Wind fence enclosures for infrasonic wind noise reduction
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
137
(3
), 1265
–1273
(2015
).3.
M.
Hedlin
and R.
Raspet
, “Infrasonic wind-noise reduction by barriers and spatial filters
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
114
(3
), 1379
–1386
(2003
).4.
D.
ReVelle
, “Infrasonic noise reduction using shelters/windbreaks
,” in Infrasonic Technology Workshop
, Bermuda, UK, 3–7 November 2008
.5.
D.
Christie
, “Wind noise reduction at IMS infrasound stations
,” in Infrasonic Technology Workshop
, Bermuda, UK, 3–7 November 2008
.6.
D.
Christie
and B.
Kennet
, “Detection of nuclear explosions using infrasound techniques
,” Final report AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2007-1151
, Air Force Research Laboratory, Hanscom AFB, MA, available from United States Technical Information Service (2007
).7.
K. T.
Walker
and M. H.
Hedlin
, “A review of wind-noise reduction methodologies
,” in Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies
, edited by A.
Le Pichon
, E.
Blanc
, and A.
Hauchecorne
(Springer Science + Business Media B.V.
, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
, 2010
), Chap. 5, pp. 141
–182
.8.
E. J.
Plate
, “The aerodynamics of shelter belts
,” Agric. Meteorol.
8
, 203
–222
(1971
).9.
J. K.
Raine
and D. C.
Stevenson
, “Wind protection by model fences in a simulated atmospheric boundary layer
,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
2
(2
), 159
–180
(1977
).10.
D.
Clauter
, “Infrasonic Research Program at AFTAC
,” in 34th Meeting Monitoring Research and Review: Ground-Based Nuclear Explosion Monitoring Techniques
, Albuquerque, NM, 20 September 2012
.11.
M. D. A. E. S.
Perera
, “Shelter behind two-dimensional solid and porous fences
,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
8
, 93
–104
(1981
).12.
E. F.
Bradley
and P. J.
Mulhearn
, “Development of velocity and shear stress distributions in the wake of a porous shelter fence
,” J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
15
, 145
–156
(1983
).13.
J.
Yu
, “Calculation of wind noise measured at the surface under turbulent wind fields
,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Mississippi
, 2009
.14.
J.
Yu
, R.
Raspet
, J.
Webster
, and J.
Abbott
, “Wind noise measured at the ground surface
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
129
(2
), 622
–635
(2011
).15.
J.
Yu
, R.
Raspet
, J.
Webster
, and J.
Abbott
, “Improved prediction of the turbulence-shear contribution to wind noise pressure spectra
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
130
, 3590
–3594
(2011
).16.
R.
Raspet
, J.
Yu
, and J.
Webster
, “Low frequency wind noise contributions in measurement microphones
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
123
(3
), 1260
–1269
(2008
).17.
R.
Raspet
, J.
Webster
, and J.
Yu
, “Low-frequency wind noise reduction by spherical windscreens
,” in 153rd Meeting Acoustical Society of America
, Salt Lake City, UT, 4–8 June 2007
.18.
J.
Webster
, R.
Raspet
, and J.
Yu
, “The pressure distribution around foam spheres outdoors
,” in Joint 150th Meeting Acoustical Society of America and Noise-Con
, Minneapolis, MN, 17–21 October 2005
.19.
D.
Kleinert
and C.
Talmadge
, “Design and development of a high impedance amplifier for use with piezoelectric infrasound microphones
,” in American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2011
, San Francisco, CA, 5–9 December 2011
.20.
M. S.
Morgan
, “An investigation of the sources and attenuation of wind noise in measurement microphones
,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Mississippi
, 1992
).21.
M.
Morgan
and R.
Raspet
, “Investigation of the mechanisms of low-frequency wind noise generation outdoors
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
(2
), 1180
–1183
(1992
).22.
R.
Raspet
, J.
Webster
, and K.
Dillion
, “Framework for wind noise studies
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
119
(2
), 834
–843
(2006
).23.
W. K.
George
, P. D.
Beuther
, and R. E. A.
Arndt
, “Pressure spectra in turbulent free shear flows
,” J. Fluid Mech.
148
, 155
–191
(1984
).24.
Z.
Dong
, W.
Luo
, G.
Qian
, and H.
Wang
, “A wind tunnel simulation of the mean velocity fields behind upright porous fences
,” Agric. For. Meteorol.
146
, 82
–93
(2007
).25.
R. A.
Kumar
, C.
Sohn
, and B. H. L.
Gowda
, “Passive control of vortex-induced vibrations: An overview
,” Recent Pat. Mech. Eng.
1
(1
), 1
–11
(2008
).26.
M.
Strasberg
, “Nonacoustic noise interference in measurements of infrasonic ambient noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
66
(5
), 1487
–1493
(1979
).27.
M.
Strasberg
, “Dimensional analysis of windscreen noise
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
83
(2
), 544
–548
(1988
).28.
Z. C.
Zheng
and B. K.
Tan
, “Reynolds number effects on flow/acoustic mechanisms in spherical windscreens
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
113
(1
), 161
–166
(2003
).29.
D. K.
Wilson
, “Wind noise and the spectrum of atmospheric turbulence pressure fluctuations
,” in 145th Meeting of the Acoustical Society of America
, Nashville, TN, 28 April–2 May 2003
.30.
J. T.
Priestly
, “Correlation studies of pressure fluctuations on the ground beneath a turbulent boundary layer
,” M.S. thesis, University of Maryland
, 1965
;National Bureau of Standards Report, No. 8942
(1965
), Chap. 6, pp. 119
–155
.31.
J. T.
Priestly
, “Calculation of the effectiveness of infrasound line microphones for reducing wind noise
,” National Bureau of Standards Report, No. 9380
(1966
).32.
F. D.
Shields
, “Low-frequency wind noise correlation in microphone arrays
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 3489
–3496
(2005
).33.
H. A.
Panofsky
and J. A.
Dutton
, Atmospheric Turbulence, Models and Methods for Engineering Applications
(Wiley
, New York
, 1984
).© 2015 Acoustical Society of America.
2015
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
