The ideal case of a deep and well-formed stratospheric duct for long range infrasound propagation in the absence of tropospheric ducting is considered. A canonical form, that of a pair of arrivals, for ground returns of impulsive signals in a stratospheric duct is determined. The canonical form is derived from the geometrical acoustics approximation, and is validated and extended through full wave modeling. The full caustic structure of the field of ray paths is found and used to determine phase relations between the contributions to the wavetrain from different propagation paths. Finally, comparison with data collected from the 2005 fuel gas depot explosion in Buncefield, England is made. The correspondence between the theoretical results and the observations is shown to be quite good.
References
1.
Assink
, J. D.
(2012
). “Infrasound as upper atmospheric monitor
,” Ph.D. thesis, University of Mississippi
, pp. 191
–208
.2.
Blom
, P.
, and Waxler
, R.
(2012
). “Impulse propagation in the nocturnal boundary layer: Analysis of the geometric component
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
131
, 3680
–3690
.3.
Brekhovskikh
, L. M.
, and Godin
, O. A.
(1999
). Acoustics of Layered Media II
, 2nd ed. (Springer
, Berlin)
, pp. 150
–170
, 193–216.4.
Ceranna
, L.
, Le Pichon
, A.
, Green
, D. N.
, and Mialle
, P.
(2009
). “The Buncefield explosion: A benchmark for infrasound analysis across Central Europe
,” Geophys. J. Int.
177
, pp. 491
–508
.5.
Drob
, D. P.
, Broutman
, D.
, Hedlin
, M. A.
, Winslow
, N. W.
, and Gibson
, R. G.
(2013
). “A method for specifying atmospheric gravity-wave fields for long-range infrasound propagation calculations
,” J. Geophys. Res.
118
, 3933
–3943
, doi:.6.
Drob
, D. P.
, Emmert
, J. T.
, Crowley
, G.
, Picone
, J. M.
, Shepherd
, G. G.
, Skinner
, W.
, Hays
, P.
, Niciejewski
, R. J.
, Larsen
, M.
, She
, C. Y.
, Meriwether
, J. W.
, Hernandez
, G.
, Jarvis
, M. J.
, Sipler
, D. P.
, Tepley
, C. A.
, O'Brien
, M. S.
, Bowman
, J. R.
, Wu
, Q.
, Murayama
, Y.
, Kawamura
, S.
, Reid
, I. M.
, and Vincent
, R. A.
(2008
). “An empirical model of the earth's horizontal wind fields: Hwm07
,” J. Geophys. Res.
113
, A12304
, doi:.7.
Evers
, L. G.
, and Haak
, H. W.
(2007
). “Infrasonic forerunners: Exceptionally fast acoustic phases
,” Geophys. Res. Lett.
34
, L10806
, doi:.8.
Godin
, O.
(2002
). “An effective quiescent medium for sound propagating through an inhomogeneous, moving fluid
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
112
, 1269
–1275
.9.
Green
, D.
(2009
). “Ground truth events: Assessing the capability of infrasound networks using high resolution data analyses
,” in Infrasound Monitoring for Atmospheric Studies
, edited by A.
Le Pichon
, E.
Blanc
, and A.
Hauchecorne
(Springer
, New York)
, pp. 599
–625
.10.
Jensen
, F. B.
, Kuperman
, W. A.
, Porter
, M. B.
, and Schmidt
, H.
(2000
). Computational Ocean Acoustics
(Springer
, New York)
, pp. 158
–168
, 337–349.11.
Kulichkov
, S. N.
, Avilov
, K. V.
, Bush
, G. A.
, Popov
, O. E.
, Raspopov
, O. M.
, Baryschnikov
, A. K.
, ReVelle
, D. O.
, and Whitaker
, R. W.
(2004
). “On anomalously fast infrasonic arrivals at long distances from surface explosions
,” Izv. Russ. Acad. Sci. Atmos. Oceanic Phys., Engl. Transl.
40
, 1
–9
.12.
Kulichkov
, S. N.
, Chunchuzov
, I. P.
, and Popov
, O. I.
(2010
). “Simulating the influence of an atmospheric fine structure on long-range propagation of pulsed acoustic signals
,” Izvestiya, Atmos. Oceanic Phys.
46
, 60
–68
.13.
Lingevitch
, J. F.
, Collins
, M. D.
, and Siegmann
, W. L.
(1999
). “Parabolic equations for gravity and acousto-gravity waves
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
105
, 3049
–3056
.14.
Maslov
, V. P.
, and Fedoriuk
, M. V.
(1981
). “Semi-classical approximation in quantum mechanics
,” in Mathematical Physics and Applied Mathematics
(Reidel
, Dordrecht, Holland
), Vol. 7
, pp. 1
–307
.15.
Melton
, B. S.
, and Bailey
, L. F.
(1957
). “Multiple signal correlators
,” Geophysics
22
, 565
–588
.16.
Mentink
, J.
, and Evers
, L. G.
(2011
). “Frequency response and design parameters for differential microbarometers
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
130
, 33
–41
.17.
Molteni
, F.
, Buizza
, R.
, Palmer
, T. N.
, and Petroliagis
, T.
(1996
). “The ECMWF ensemble prediction system: Methodology and validation
,” Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc.
122
, 73
–119
.18.
Ottemöller
, L.
, and Evers
, L. G.
(2008
). “Seismo-acoustic analysis of the Buncefield oil depot explosion in the UK, 2005 December 11
,” Geophys. J. Int.
172
, 1123
–1134
.19.
Picone
, J. M.
, Hedin
, A.
, Drob
, D.
, and Aikin
, A.
(2002
). “NRL MSISE-00 empirical model of the atmosphere: Statistical comparisons and scientific issues
,” J. Geophys. Res.
107
(A12
), 1468
, doi:.20.
Pierce
, A. D.
(1967
). “Guided infrasonic modes in a temperature- and wind-stratified atmosphere
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
41
, 597
–611
.21.
Pridmore-Brown
, D. C.
(1962
). “Sound propagation in a temperature- and wind-stratified medium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
34
, 438
–443
.22.
Szuberla
, C.
, and Olson
, J.
(2004
). “Uncertainties associated with parameter estimation in atmospheric infrasound arrays
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
115
, 253
–258
.23.
U.S. Standard Atmosphere.
(1976
). (U.S. Government Printing Office
, Washington, DC
).24.
Waxler
, R.
, Gilbert
, K. E.
, and Talmadge
, C.
(2008
). “A theoretical treatment of the long range propagation of impulsive signals under strongly ducted nocturnal conditions
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
124
, 2742
–2754
.© 2015 Acoustical Society of America.
2015
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
