Effects of sea-surface conditions on passive fathometry and bottom characterization

Recently, a method has been developed that exploits the correlation properties of the ocean’s ambient noise to measure water depth (a passive fathometer) and seabed layering [M. Siderius et al, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 120, 1315–1323 (2006)]. This processing is based on the cross-correlation between the surface noise and the echo return from the seabed. To quantitatively study the dependency between processing and environmental factors such as wind speed, measurements were made using a fixed hydrophone array while simultaneously characterizing the environment. The measurements were made in 2006 in the shallow waters $(25m)$ approximately $75km$ off the coast of Savannah, GA. A Navy tower about $100m$ from the array was used to measure wind speed and to observe the sea-surface using a video camera. Data were collected in various environmental conditions with wind speeds ranging from $5to21m∕s$ and wave heights of $1–3.4m$⁠. The data are analyzed to quantify the dependency of passive fathometer results on wind speeds, wave conditions, and averaging times. One result shows that the seabed reflection is detectable even in the lowest wind conditions. Further, a technique is developed to remove the environmental dependency so that the returns estimate seabed impedance.