The objective of this study was to measure the backscatter coefficient of formalin-fixed myocardial tissue as a function of angle of insonification relative to the myocardial fiber direction. Backscatter measurements were performed on eight cylindrical formalin-fixed lamb myocardial specimens and compensated for attenuation and diffraction effects to determine the backscatter coefficient. The backscatter coefficient at was found to be maximum for insonification perpendicular to the predominant myofiber orientation and minimum for parallel insonification, with values of and ( deviation), respectively.
REFERENCES
1.
Aygen
, M.
, and Popp
, R. L.
(1987
). “Influence of the orientation of myocardial fibers on echocardiographic images
,” Am. J. Cardiol.
60
, 147
–152
.2.
Baldwin
, S. L.
, Marutyan
, K. R.
, Yang
, M.
, Wallace
, K. D.
, Holland
, M. R.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(2005a
). “Estimating myocardial attenuation properties from -mode ultrasonic backscatter
,” Ultrasound Med. Biol.
31
, 477
–484
.3.
Baldwin
, S. L.
, Yang
, M.
, Marutyan
, K. R.
, Wallace
, K. D.
, Holland
, M. R.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(2005b
). “Measurement of the anisotropy of ultrasonic velocity in freshly excited and formalin-fixed myocardial tissue
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
118
, 505
–513
.4.
Baldwin
, S. L.
, Yang
, M.
, Marutyan
, K. R.
, Wallace
, K. D.
, Holland
, M. R.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(2005c
). “Ultrasonic detection of the anisotropy of protein cross linking in myocardium
,” Proc.-IEEE Ultrason. Symp.
4
, 2263
–2266
.5.
Chen
, X.
, Phillips
, D.
, Schwarz
, K. Q.
, Mottley
, J. G.
, and Parker
, K. J.
(1997
). “The measurement of backscatter coefficient from a broadband pulse-echo system: A new formulation
,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control
44
, 515
–525
.6.
Hall
, C. S.
, Verdonk
, E. D.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, Perez
, J. E.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1997
). “Anisotropy of the apparent frequency dependence of backscatter in formalin fixed human myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
101
, 563
–568
.7.
Hoffmeister
, B. K.
, Gehr
, S. E.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1996a
). “Anisotropy of the transverse mode ultrasonic properties of fixed tendon and fixed myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
99
, 3826
–3836
.8.
Hoffmeister
, B. K.
, Handley
, S. M.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1996b
). “Ultrasonic determination of the anisotropy of young’s modulus of fixed tendon and fixed myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
100
, 3933
–3940
.9.
Hoffmeister
, B. K.
, Wong
, A. K.
, Verdonk
, E. D.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1995
). “Comparison of the anisotropy of apparent integrated ultrasonic backscatter from fixed human tendon and fixed human myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
97
, 1307
–1313
.10.
Holland
, M. R.
, Wilkenshoff
, U. M.
, Finch-Johnston
, A. E.
, Handley
, S. M.
, Perez
, J. E.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1998
). “Effects of myocardial fiber orientation in echocardiography: Quantitative measurements and computer simulation of the regional dependence of backscattered ultrasound in the parasternal short-axis view
,” J. Am. Soc. Echocardiogr
11
, 929
–937
.11.
Humphery
, J. D.
(2001
). Cardiovascular Solid Mechanics: Cells, Tissues, and Organs
(Springer
, New York
).12.
Madsen
, E. L.
, Dong
, F.
, Frank
, G. R.
et al (1999
). “Interlaboratory comparison of ultrasonic backscatter, attenuation, and speed measurements
,” J. Ultrasound Med.
18
, 615
–631
.13.
Madsen
, E. L.
, Insana
, M. F.
, and Zagzebski
, J. A.
(1984
). “Method of data reduction for accurate determination of acoustic backscatter coefficients
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
76
, 913
–923
.14.
Marsh
, J. N.
, Hughes
, M. S.
, Hall
, C. S.
, Lewis
, S. H.
, Trousil
, R. L.
, Brandenburger
, G. H.
, Levene
, H.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1998
). “Frequency and concentration dependence of the backscatter coefficient of the ultrasound agent albunex®
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
104
, 1654
–1666
.15.
Marutyan
, K. R.
, Yang
, M.
, Baldwin
, S. L.
, Wallace
, K. D.
, Holland
, M. R.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(2006
). “The frequency dependence of ultrasonic velocity and the anisotropy of dispersion in both freshly excised and formalin-fixed myocardium
,” Ultrasound Med. Biol.
32
, 603
–610
.16.
Mottley
, J. G.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1988
). “Anisotropy of the ultrasonic backscatter of myocardial tissue. I. Theory and measurements in vitro
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
83
, 755
–761
.17.
Mottley
, J. G.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1990
). “Anisotropy of the ultrasonic attenuation in soft tissues: Measurements in vitro
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
88
, 1203
–1210
.18.
O’Donnell
, M.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1981
). “Quantitative broadband ultrasonic backscatter: An approach to non-destructive evaluation in acoustically inhomogeneous materials
,” J. Appl. Phys.
52
, 1056
–1065
.19.
O’Donnell
, M.
, Mimbs
, J. W.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1981
). “Relationship between collagen and ultrasonic backscatter in myocardial tissue
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
69
, 580
–588
.20.
Recchia
, D.
, Hall
, C.
, Shepard
, R. K.
, Miller
, J. G.
, and Wickline
, S. A.
(1995
). “Mechanisms of the view-dependence of ultrasonic backscatter from normal myocardium
,” IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control
42
, 91
–98
.21.
Sigelmann
, R. A.
, and Reid
, J. M.
(1973
). “Analysis and measurement of ultrasound backscattering from an ensemble of scatterers excited by sine-wave bursts
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
53
, 1351
–1355
.22.
Streeter
, D. D.
, Jr., and Hanna
, W. T.
(1973
). “Engineering mechanics for successive states in canine left ventricular myocardium. II. Fiber angle and sarcomere length
,” Circ. Res.
33
, 656
–664
.23.
Verdonk
, E. D.
, Hoffmeister
, B. K.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1996
). “Anisotropy of the slope of ultrasonic attenuation in formalin fixed human myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
99
, 3837
–3843
.24.
Verdonk
, E. D.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1992
). “Anisotropy of ultrasonic velocity and elastic properties in normal human myocardium
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
, 3039
–3050
.25.
Wear
, K. A.
, Milunski
, M. R.
, Wickline
, S. A.
, Perez
, J. E.
, Sobel
, B. E.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(1989
). “Differentiation between acutely ischemic myocardium and zones of completed infraction in dogs on the basis of frequency-dependent backscatter
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
85
, 2634
–2641
.26.
Wear
, K. A.
, Stiles
, T. A.
, Frank
, G. R.
et al (2005
). “Interlaboratory comparison of ultrasonic backscatter coefficient measurements from
,” J. Ultrasound Med.
24
, 1235
–1250
.27.
Yang
, M.
, Baldwin
, S. L.
, Marutyan
, K. R.
, Wallace
, K. D.
, Holland
, M. R.
, and Miller
, J. G.
(2006
). “Elastic stiffness coefficients (c11, c33, and c13) for freshly excised and formalin-fixed myocardium from ultrasonic velocity measurements
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
119
, 1880
–1887
.© 2007 Acoustical Society of America.
2007
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.