When sinusoidal electric stimulation is applied to the intact cochlea, a frequency-specific acoustic emission can be recorded in the ear canal. Acoustic emissions are produced by basilar membrane motion, and have been used to suggest a corresponding acoustic sensation termed “electromotile hearing.” Electromotile hearing has been specifically attributed to electric stimulation of outer hair cells in the intact organ of Corti. To determine the nature of the auditory perception produced by electric stimulation of a cochlea with intact outer hair cells, guinea pigs were tested in a psychophysical task. First, subjects were trained to report detection of sinusoidal acoustic stimuli and dynamic range was assessed using response latency. Subjects were then implanted with a ball electrode placed into scala tympani. Following the surgical implant procedure, subjects were transferred to a task in which acoustic signals were replaced by sinusoidal electric stimulation, and dynamic range was assessed again. Finally, the ability of acoustic pure-tone stimuli to mask the detection of the electric signals was assessed. Based on the masking effects, it is concluded that sinusoidal electric stimulation of the intact cochlea results in perception of a tonal (rather than a broadband or noisy) sound at a frequency of 8kHz or above.

1.
Aran
,
J. M.
,
Erre
,
J. P.
,
Hiel
,
H.
,
Charlet de Sauvage
,
R.
,
Goeury
,
P.
, and
Rouanet
,
J. F.
(
1986
). “
Investigation of cochlear mechanisms using combined acoustical and electrical stimulations
,”
Scand. Audiol. Suppl.
25
,
63
69
.
2.
Ashmore
,
J. F.
(
1987
). “
A fast motile response in guinea-pig outer hair cells: The cellular basis of the cochlear amplifier
,”
J. Physiol. (London)
388
,
323
347
.
3.
Bilger
,
R. C.
(
1977a
). “
Psycoacoustic evaluation of current prostheses
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
86
,
92
140
.
4.
Bilger
,
R. C.
(
1977b
). “
Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve and auditory prostheses: A review of the literature
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
86
,
11
20
.
5.
Bilger
,
R. C.
, and
Black
,
F. O.
(
1977
). “
Auditory prostheses in perspective
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
86
,
3
10
.
6.
Black
,
R. C.
,
Clark
,
G. M.
,
O’Leary
,
S. J.
, and
Walters
,
C.
(
1983
). “
Intracochlear electrical stimulation of normal and deaf cats investigated using brainstem response audiometry
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol., Suppl.
399
,
5
17
.
7.
Blamey
,
P. J.
,
Parisi
,
E. S.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1995
). “
Pitch matching of electric and acoustic stimuli
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
220
222
.
8.
Borg
,
E.
, and
Engstrom
,
B.
(
1983
). “
Hearing thresholds in the rabbit. A behavioral and electrophysiological study
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol.
95
,
19
26
.
9.
Brown
,
J. N.
,
Miller
,
J. M.
,
Altschuler
,
R. A.
, and
Nuttall
,
A. L.
(
1993
). “
Osmotic pump implant for chronic infusion of drugs into the inner ear
,”
Hear. Res.
70
,
167
172
.
10.
Brownell
,
W. E.
,
Bader
,
C. R.
,
Bertrand
,
D.
, and
de Ribaupierre
,
Y.
(
1985
). “
Evoked mechanical responses of isolated cochlear outer hair cells
,”
Science
227
,
194
196
.
11.
Carvalho
,
G. J.
, and
Lalwani
,
A. K.
(
1999
). “
The effect of cochleostomy and intracochlear infusion on auditory brain stem response threshold in the guinea pig
,”
Am. J. Otol.
20
,
87
90
.
12.
Clopton
,
B. M.
,
Spelman
,
F. A.
, and
Miller
,
J. M.
(
1980
). “
Estimates of essential neural elements for stimulation through a cochlear prosthesis
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
89
,
5
7
.
13.
Clopton
,
B. M.
, and
Spelman
,
F. A.
(
1995
). “
Electrode configuration and spread of neural excitation: Compartmental models of spiral ganglion cells
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
115
118
.
14.
Cohen
,
L. T.
,
Richardson
,
L. M.
,
Saunders
,
E.
, and
Cowan
,
R. S. C.
(
2003
). “
Spatial spread of neural excitation in cochlear implant recipients: comparison of improved ECAP method and psychophysical forward masking
,”
Hear. Res.
179
,
72
87
.
15.
Cohen
,
N. L.
(
1997
). “
Cochlear implant soft surgery: Fact or fantasy?
,”
Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg.
117
,
214
216
.
16.
Coleman
,
J. W.
(
1976
). “
Hair cell loss as a function of age in the normal cochlea of the guinea pig
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol.
82
,
33
40
.
17.
Collins
,
L. M.
,
Zwolan
,
T. A.
, and
Wakefield
,
G. H.
(
1997
). “
Comparison of electrode discrimination, pitch ranking, and pitch scaling data in postlingually deafened adult cochlear implant subjects
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
101
,
440
455
.
18.
Dorman
,
M. F.
,
Smith
,
M.
,
Smith
,
L.
, and
Parkin
,
J. L.
(
1994
). “
The pitch of electrically presented sinusoids
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
95
,
1677
1679
.
19.
Duckert
,
L. G.
(
1983
). “
Morphological changes in the normal and neomycin-perfused guinea pig cochlea following chronic prosthetic implantation
,”
Laryngoscope
93
,
841
855
.
20.
Duckert
,
L. G.
, and
Miller
,
J. M.
(
1984
). “
Morphological changes following cochlear implantation in the animal model
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol., Suppl.
411
,
28
37
.
21.
Eddington
,
D. K.
,
Dobelle
,
W. H.
,
Brackmann
,
D. E.
,
Mladejovsky
,
M. G.
, and
Parkin
,
J. L.
(
1978
). “
Auditory prostheses research with multiple channel intracochlear stimulation in man
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.
87
,
1
39
.
22.
Fearn
,
R.
, and
Wolfe
,
J.
(
2000
). “
Relative importance of rate and place: Experiments using pitch scaling techniques with cochlear implants recipients
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
185
,
51
53
.
23.
Firszt
,
J. B.
,
Holden
,
L. K.
,
Skinner
,
M. W.
,
Tobey
,
E. A.
,
Peterson
,
A.
,
Gaggl
,
W.
,
Runge-Samuelson
,
C. L.
, and
Wackym
,
P. A.
(
2004
). “
Recognition of speech presented at soft to loud levels by adult cochlear implant recipients of three cochlear implant systems
,”
Ear Hear.
25
,
375
387
.
24.
Fu
,
Q. J.
,
Zeng
,
F. G.
,
Shannon
,
R. V.
, and
Soli
,
S. D.
(
1998
). “
Importance of tonal envelope cues in Chinese speech recognition
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
104
,
505
510
.
25.
Gantz
,
B. J.
,
Rubinstein
,
J. T.
,
Tyler
,
R. S.
,
Teagle
,
H. F.
,
Cohen
,
N. L.
,
Waltzman
,
S. B.
,
Miyamoto
,
R. T.
, and
Kirk
,
K. I.
(
2000
). “
Long-term results of cochlear implants in children with residual hearing
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
185
,
33
36
.
26.
Gantz
,
B. J.
, and
Turner
,
C. W.
(
2003
). “
Combining acoustic and electrical hearing
,”
Laryngoscope
113
,
1726
1730
.
27.
Gantz
,
B. J.
, and
Turner
,
C.
(
2004
). “
Combining acoustic and electrical speech processing: Iowa/Nucleus hybrid implant
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol.
124
,
344
347
.
28.
Gantz
,
B. J.
,
Turner
,
C.
,
Gfeller
,
K. E.
, and
Lowder
,
M. W.
(
2005
). “
Preservation of hearing in cochlear implant surgery: Advantages of combined electrical and acoustical speech processing
,”
Laryngoscope
115
,
796
802
.
29.
Gfeller
,
K.
,
Olszewski
,
C.
,
Rychener
,
M.
,
Sena
,
K.
,
Knutson
,
J. F.
,
Witt
,
S.
, and
Macpherson
,
B.
(
2005
). “
Recognition of “real-world” musical excerpts by cochlear implant recipients and normal-hearing adults
,”
Ear Hear.
26
,
237
250
.
30.
Greenwood
,
D. D.
(
1961
). “
Critical bandwidth and the frequency coordinates of the basilar membrane
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
33
,
1344
1356
.
31.
Hall
,
R. D.
(
1990
). “
Estimation of surviving spiral ganglion cells in the deaf rat using the electrically evoked auditory brainstem response
,”
Hear. Res.
49
,
155
168
.
32.
Halsey
,
K.
,
Fegelman
,
K.
,
Raphael
,
Y.
,
Grosh
,
K.
, and
Dolan
,
D. F.
(
2006
). “
Long-term effects of acoustic trauma on the electrically-evoked otoacoustic emission
,”
J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.
6
,
324
340
.
33.
House
,
W. F.
, and
Urban
,
J.
(
1973
). “
Long term results of electrode implantation and electronic stimulation of the cochlea in man
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
82
,
504
517
.
34.
Huang
,
C. Y.
,
Yang
,
H. M.
,
Sher
,
Y. J.
,
Lin
,
Y. H.
, and
Wu
,
J. L.
(
2005
). “
Speech intelligibility of Mandarin-speaking deaf children with cochlear implants
,”
Int. J. Ped Otorhinolaryngol.
69
,
505
511
.
35.
Huang
,
T. S.
,
Wang
,
N. M.
, and
Liu
,
S. Y.
(
1995
). “
Tone perception of Mandarin-speaking postlingually deaf implantees using the Nucleus 22-Channel Cochlear Mini System
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
294
298
.
36.
Huang
,
T. S.
,
Wang
,
N. M.
, and
Liu
,
S. Y.
(
1996
). “
Nucleus 22-channel cochlear mini-system implantations in Mandarin-speaking patients
,”
Am. J. Otol.
17
,
46
52
.
37.
Hubbard
,
A. E.
, and
Mountain
,
D. C.
(
1983
). “
Alternating current delivered into the scala media alters sound pressure at the eardrum
,”
Science
222
,
510
512
.
38.
Incesulu
,
A.
, and
Nadol
,
J. B.
, Jr.
(
1998
). “
Correlation of acoustic threshold measures and spiral ganglion cell survival in severe to profound sensorineural hearing loss: Implications for cochlear implantation
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.
107
,
906
911
.
39.
James
,
C.
,
Blamey
,
P.
,
Shallop
,
J. K.
,
Incerti
,
P. V.
, and
Nicholas
,
A. M.
(
2001
). “
Contralateral masking in cochlear implant users with residual hearing in the non-implanted ear
,”
Audiol. Neuro-Otol.
6
,
87
97
.
40.
Jones
,
R. C.
,
Stevens
,
S. S.
, and
Lurie
,
M. H.
(
1940
). “
Three mechanisms of hearing by electrical stimulation
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
12
,
281
290
.
41.
Kachar
,
B.
,
Brownell
,
W. E.
,
Altschuler
,
R.
, and
Fex
,
J.
(
1986
). “
Electrokinetic shape changes of cochlear outer hair cells
,”
Nature (London)
322
,
365
368
.
42.
Kemp
,
D. T.
(
1978
). “
Stimulated acoustic emissions from within the human auditory system
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
64
,
1386
1391
.
43.
Kiefer
,
J.
,
Pok
,
M.
,
Adunka
,
O.
,
Sturzebecher
,
E.
,
Baumgartner
,
W.
,
Schmidt
,
M.
,
Tillein
,
J.
,
Ye
,
Q.
, and
Gstoettner
,
W.
(
2005
). “
Combined electric and acoustic stimulation of the auditory system: Results of a clinical study
,”
Audiol. Neuro-Otol.
10
,
134
144
.
44.
Kirk
,
D. L.
, and
Yates
,
G. K.
(
1994
). “
Evidence for electrically evoked traveling waves in the guinea pig cochlea
,”
Hear. Res.
74
,
38
50
.
45.
Kral
,
A.
,
Hartmann
,
R.
,
Mortazavi
,
D.
, and
Klinke
,
R.
(
1998
). “
Spatial resolution of cochlear implants: The electrical field and excitation of auditory afferents
,”
Hear. Res.
121
,
11
28
.
46.
Lan
,
N.
,
Nie
,
K. B.
,
Gao
,
S. K.
, and
Zeng
,
F. G.
(
2004
). “
A novel speech-processing strategy incorporating tonal information for cochlear implants
,”
IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng.
51
,
752
760
.
47.
Laneau
,
J.
,
Wouters
,
J.
, and
Moonen
,
M.
(
2006
). “
Improved music perception with explicit pitch coding in cochlear implants
,”
Audiol. Neuro-Otol.
11
,
38
52
.
48.
Le Prell
,
C. G.
,
Dolan
,
D.
, and
Moody
,
D. B.
(
2000
). “
Electromotile hearing: Evidence that tone-like percepts are produced by electrical stimulation in the cochlea
,”
Abs. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.
23
,
259
.
49.
Le Prell
,
C. G.
,
Bledsoe
,
S. C.
, Jr.
,
Bobbin
,
R. P.
, and
Puel
,
J. L.
(
2001
). “
Neurotransmission in the inner ear: Functional and molecular analyses
,” in
Physiology of the Ear
, edited by
A. F.
Jahn
and
J.
Santos-Sacchi
(
Singular
, New York), pp.
575
611
.
50.
Le Prell
,
C. G.
,
Kawamoto
,
K.
,
Raphael
,
Y.
,
Dolan
,
D.
, and
Moody
,
D. B.
(
2002
). “
Electromotile hearing: Evidence that tone-like percepts are produced by electrical stimulation of cochlear outer hair cells
,”
Abs. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.
25
,
165
.
51.
Le Prell
,
C. G.
,
Yagi
,
M.
,
Kawamoto
,
K.
,
Beyer
,
L. A.
,
Atkin
,
G.
,
Raphael
,
Y.
,
Dolan
,
D.
,
Bledsoe
,
S. C.
, Jr.
, and
Moody
,
D. B.
(
2004
). “
Chronic infusion of AMPA into the guinea pig cochlea induces temporary functional deficits and long-term morphological trauma
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
,
1044
1056
.
52.
Le Prell
,
C. G.
,
Halsey
,
K.
,
Hughes
,
L. F.
,
Dolan
,
D. F.
, and
Bledsoe
,
S. C.
, Jr.
(
2005
). “
Disruption of lateral olivocochlear neurons via a dopaminergic neurotoxin depresses sound-evoked auditory nerve activity
,”
J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.
6
,
48
62
.
53.
Lee
,
K. Y.
, and
van Hasselt
,
C. A.
(
2005
). “
Spoken word recognition in children with cochlear implants: A five-year study on speakers of a tonal language
,”
Ear Hear.
26
(4),
30S
37S
.
54.
Lehnhardt
,
E.
(
1993
). “
Intracochleare plazierung der cochlear-implant-elektroden in soft surgery technique
,”
HNO
41
,
356
359
.
55.
Liberman
,
M. C.
(
1978
). “
Auditory-nerve response from cats raised in a low-noise chamber
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
63
,
442
455
.
56.
McAnally
,
K. I.
,
Clark
,
G. M.
, and
Syka
,
J.
(
1993
). “
Hair cell mediated responses of the auditory nerve to sinusoidal electrical stimulation of the cochlea in the cat
,”
Hear. Res.
67
,
55
68
.
57.
McAnally
,
K. I.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1994
). “
Stimulation of residual hearing in the cat by pulsatile electrical stimulation of the cochlea
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol.
114
,
366
372
.
58.
McAnally
,
K. I.
,
Brown
,
M.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1997a
). “
Estimating mechanical responses to pulsatile electrical stimulation of the cochlea
,”
Hear. Res.
106
,
146
153
.
59.
McAnally
,
K. I.
,
Brown
,
M.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1997b
). “
Comparison of current waveforms for the electrical stimulation of residual low frequency hearing
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol.
117
,
831
835
.
60.
McAnally
,
K. I.
,
Brown
,
M.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1997c
). “
Acoustic and electric forward-masking of the auditory nerve compound action potential: Evidence for linearity of electro-mechanical transduction
,”
Hear. Res.
106
,
137
145
.
61.
McDermott
,
H. J.
(
2004
). “
Music perception with cochlear implants: A review
,”
Trends in Amplification
8
,
49
82
.
62.
Miller
,
A. L.
,
Smith
,
D. W.
, and
Pfingst
,
B. E.
(
1999
). “
Across-species comparisons of psychophysical detection thresholds for electrical stimulation of the cochlea: II. Strength-duration functions for single, biphasic pulses
,”
Hear. Res.
135
,
47
55
.
63.
Miller
,
C. A.
,
Faulkner
,
M. J.
, and
Pfingst
,
B. E.
(
1995a
). “
Functional responses from guinea pigs with cochlear implants. II. Changes in electrophysiological and psychophysical measures over time
,”
Hear. Res.
92
,
100
111
.
64.
Miller
,
C. A.
,
Woodruff
,
K. E.
, and
Pfingst
,
B. E.
(
1995b
). “
Functional responses from guinea pigs with cochlear implants. I. Electrophysiological and psychophysical measures
,”
Hear. Res.
92
,
85
99
.
65.
Mitchell
,
A.
,
Miller
,
J. M.
,
Finger
,
P. A.
,
Heller
,
J. W.
,
Raphael
,
Y.
, and
Altschuler
,
R. A.
(
1997
). “
Effects of chronic high-rate electrical stimulation on the cochlea and eighth nerve in the deafened guinea pig
,”
Hear. Res.
105
,
30
43
.
66.
Moody
,
D. B.
(
1970
). “
Reaction time as an index of sensory function
,” in
Animal Psychophysics: The Design and Conduct of Psychophysical Experiments
, edited by
W. C.
Stebbins
, (
Appleton-Century-Crofts
, New York), pp.
277
302
.
67.
Moxon
,
E. C.
(
1971
). “
Neural and Mechanical Responses to Electrical Stimulation of the Cat’s Inner Ear
,” Submitted to the Department of Electrical Engineering, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge.
68.
Nadol
,
J. B.
, Jr.
,
Young
,
Y. S.
, and
Glynn
,
R. J.
(
1989
). “
Survival of spiral ganglion cells in profound sensorineural hearing loss: Implications for cochlear implantation
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.
98
,
411
416
.
69.
Nakajima
,
H. H.
,
Mountain
,
D. C.
, and
Hubbard
,
A. E.
(
1998
). “
Nonlinear characteristics of electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions
,”
Hear. Res.
122
,
109
118
.
70.
National Research Council
(
1996
).
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
(
National Academy Press
, Washington D.C).
71.
Ni
,
D.
,
Shepherd
,
R. K.
,
Seldon
,
H. L.
,
Xu
,
S. A.
,
Clark
,
G. M.
, and
Millard
,
R. E.
(
1992
). “
Cochlear pathology following chronic electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. I: Normal hearing kittens
,”
Hear. Res.
62
,
63
81
.
72.
Niemiec
,
A. J.
, and
Moody
,
D. B.
(
1995
). “
Constant stimulus and tracking procedures for measuring sensitivity
,” in
Methods in Comparative Psychoacoustics
, edited by
G. M.
Klump
,
R. J.
Dooling
,
R. R.
Fay
, and
W. C.
Stebbins
(
Birkhauser Verlag
, Basel), Vol.
6
, pp.
65
77
.
73.
NIH Consensus Statement
(
1995
). “
Cochlear implants in adults and children
,”
Consens Statement
13
,
1
30
.
74.
Nuttall
,
A. L.
, and
Dolan
,
D. F.
(
1993
). “
Basilar membrane velocity responses to acoustic and intracochlear electric stimuli
,” in
Biophysics of Hair Cell Sensory Systems
, edited by
H.
Duifuis
,
J. W.
Horst
,
P.
van Dijk
, and
S. M.
van Netten
(
World Scientific
, Singapore), pp.
288
295
.
75.
Nuttall
,
A. L.
, and
Ren
,
T.
(
1995
). “
Electromotile hearing: Evidence from basilar membrane motion and otoacoustic emissions
,”
Hear. Res.
92
,
170
177
.
76.
Nuttall
,
A. L.
,
Zheng
,
J.
,
Ren
,
T.
, and
de Boer
,
E.
(
2001
). “
Electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions from apical and basal perilymphatic electrode positions in the guinea pig cochlea
,”
Hear. Res.
152
,
77
89
.
77.
Pfingst
,
B. E.
(
1984
). “
Operating ranges and intensity psychophysics for cochlear implants. Implications for speech processing strategies
,”
Arch. Otolaryngol.
110
,
140
144
.
78.
Prieskorn
,
D. M.
, and
Miller
,
J. M.
(
2000
). “
Technical report: Chronic and acute intracochlear infusion in rodents
,”
Hear. Res.
140
,
212
215
.
79.
Raphael
,
Y.
, and
Altschuler
,
R. A.
(
1991
). “
Reorganization of cytoskeletal and junctional proteins during cochlear hair cell degeneration
,”
Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton
18
,
215
227
.
80.
Ren
,
T.
, and
Nuttall
,
A. L.
(
1995
). “
Extracochlear electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions: A model for in vivo assessment of outer hair cell electromotility
,”
Hear. Res.
92
,
178
183
.
81.
Reuter
,
G.
, and
Zenner
,
H. P.
(
1990
). “
Active radial and transverse motile responses of outer hair cells in the organ of Corti
,”
Hear. Res.
43
,
219
230
.
82.
Reyes
,
S.
,
Ding
,
D.
,
Sun
,
W.
, and
Salvi
,
R.
(
2001
). “
Effect of inner and outer hair cell lesions on electrically evoked otoacoustic emissions
,”
Hear. Res.
158
,
139
150
.
83.
Risberg
,
A.
,
Agelfors
,
E.
,
Lindstrom
,
B.
, and
Bredberg
,
G.
(
1990
). “
Electrophonic hearing and cochlear implants
,”
Acta Oto-Laryngol., Suppl.
469
,
156
163
.
84.
Rogowski
,
M.
,
Reiss
,
G.
, and
Lehnhardt
,
E.
(
1995
). “
Morphologic study of the guinea pig cochlea after cochlear implantation using the “soft surgery” technique
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
434
436
.
85.
Rubinstein
,
J. T.
(
2004
). “
How cochlear implants encode speech
,”
Curr. Opin. Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg.
12
,
444
448
.
86.
Shepherd
,
R. K.
, and
Javel
,
E.
(
1997
). “
Electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve. I. Correlation of physiological responses with cochlear status
,”
Hear. Res.
108
,
112
144
.
87.
Shera
,
C. A.
, and
Guinan
,
J. J.
, Jr.
(
1999
). “
Evoked otoacoustic emissions arise by two fundamentally different mechanisms: A taxonomy for mammalian OAEs
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
105
,
782
798
.
88.
Skarzynski
,
H.
,
Lorens
,
A.
,
D’Haese
,
P.
,
Walkowiak
,
A.
,
Piotrowska
,
A.
,
Sliwa
,
L.
, and
Anderson
,
I.
(
2002
). “
Preservation of residual hearing in children and post-lingually deafened adults after cochlear implantation: An initial study
,”
ORL
64
,
247
253
.
89.
Skarzynski
,
H.
,
Lorens
,
A.
, and
Piotrowska
,
A.
(
2003
). “
A new method of partial deafness treatment
,”
Med. Sci. Monit.
9
,
CS20
24
.
90.
Skinner
,
M. W.
,
Clark
,
G. M.
,
Whitford
,
L. A.
,
Seligman
,
P. M.
,
Staller
,
S. J.
,
Shipp
,
D. B.
,
Shallop
,
J. K.
,
Everingham
,
C.
,
Menapace
,
C. M.
,
Arndt
,
P. L.
 et al. (
1994
). “
Evaluation of a new spectral peak coding strategy for the Nucleus 22 Channel Cochlear Implant System
,”
Am. J. Otol.
15
, Suppl.
2
,
15
27
.
91.
Skinner
,
M. W.
,
Holden
,
L. K.
,
Holden
,
T. A.
,
Demorest
,
M. E.
, and
Fourakis
,
M. S.
(
1997
). “
Speech recognition at simulated soft, conversational, and raised-to-loud vocal efforts by adults with cochlear implants
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
101
,
3766
3782
.
92.
Skinner
,
M. W.
,
Ketten
,
D. R.
,
Holden
,
L. K.
,
Harding
,
G. W.
,
Smith
,
P. G.
,
Gates
,
G. A.
,
Neely
,
J. G.
,
Kletzker
,
G. R.
,
Brunsden
,
B.
, and
Blocker
,
B.
(
2002
). “
CT-derived estimation of cochlear morphology and electrode array position in relation to word recognition in Nucleus-22 recipients
,”
J. Assoc. Res. Otolaryngol.
3
,
332
350
.
93.
Smith
,
D. W.
,
Watt
,
S.
,
Konrad
,
K. E.
, and
Olszyk
,
V. B.
(
1995
). “
Behavioral auditory thresholds for sinusoidal electrical stimuli in the cat
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
98
,
211
220
.
94.
Spelman
,
F. A.
,
Pfingst
,
B. E.
,
Miller
,
J. M.
,
Hassul
,
M.
,
Powers
,
W. E.
, and
Clopton
,
B. M.
(
1980
). “
Biophysical measurements in the implanted cochlea
,”
Otolaryngol.-Head Neck Surg.
88
,
183
187
.
95.
Spelman
,
F. A.
,
Clopton
,
B. M.
, and
Pfingst
,
B. E.
(
1982
). “
Tissue impedance and current flow in the implanted ear. Implications for the cochlear prosthesis
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
98
,
3
8
.
96.
Spelman
,
F. A.
,
Pfingst
,
B. E.
,
Clopton
,
B. M.
,
Jolly
,
C. N.
, and
Rodenhiser
,
K. L.
(
1995
). “
Effects of electrical current configuration on potential fields in the electrically stimulated cochlea: Field models and measurements
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
131
136
.
97.
Szymanski
,
M. D.
,
Bain
,
D. E.
,
Kiehl
,
K.
,
Pennington
,
S.
,
Wong
,
S.
, and
Henry
,
K. R.
(
1999
). “
Killer whale (Orcinus orca) hearing: Auditory brainstem response and behavioral audiograms
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
106
,
1134
1141
.
98.
Tong
,
Y. C.
,
Clark
,
G. M.
,
Blamey
,
P. J.
,
Busby
,
P. A.
, and
Dowell
,
R. C.
(
1982
). “
Psychophysical studies for two multiple-channel cochlear implant patients
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
71
,
153
160
.
99.
Tsuji
,
J.
, and
Liberman
,
M. C.
(
1997
). “
Intracellular labeling of auditory nerve fibers in guinea pig: Central and peripheral projections
,”
J. Comp. Neurol.
381
,
188
202
.
100.
Turner
,
C. W.
,
Gantz
,
B. J.
,
Vidal
,
C.
,
Behrens
,
A.
, and
Henry
,
B. A.
(
2004
). “
Speech recognition in noise for cochlear implant listeners: Benefits of residual acoustic hearing
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
115
,
1729
1735
.
101.
Tykocinski
,
M.
,
Shepherd
,
R. K.
, and
Clark
,
G. M.
(
1995
). “
Electrophysiologic effects following acute intracochlear direct current stimulation of the guinea pig cochlea
,”
Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol. Suppl.
166
,
68
71
.
102.
Tyler
,
R. S.
,
Kelsay
,
D. M.
,
Teagle
,
H. F.
,
Rubinstein
,
J. T.
,
Gantz
,
B. J.
, and
Christ
,
A. M.
(
2000
). “
7-year speech perception results and the effects of age, residual hearing and preimplant speech perception in prelingually deaf children using the Nucleus and Clarion cochlear implants
,”
Adv. Oto-Rhino-Laryngol.
57
,
305
310
.
103.
von Ilberg
,
C.
,
Kiefer
,
J.
,
Tillein
,
J.
,
Pfenningdorff
,
T.
,
Hartmann
,
R.
,
Sturzebecher
,
E.
, and
Klinke
,
R.
(
1999
). “
Electric-acoustic stimulation of the auditory system. New technology for severe hearing loss
,”
ORL
61
,
334
340
.
104.
Waltzman
,
S. B.
,
Cohen
,
N. L.
,
Gomolin
,
R. H.
,
Green
,
J. E.
,
Shapiro
,
W. H.
,
Hoffman
,
R. A.
, and
Roland
,
J. T.
, Jr.
(
1997
). “
Open-set speech perception in congenitally deaf children using cochlear implants
,”
Am. J. Otol.
18
,
342
349
.
105.
Wang
,
J.
,
Powers
,
N. L.
,
Hofstetter
,
P.
,
Trautwein
,
P.
,
Ding
,
D.
, and
Salvi
,
R.
(
1997
). “
Effects of selective inner hair cell loss on auditory nerve fiber threshold, tuning and spontaneous and driven discharge rate
,”
Hear. Res.
107
,
67
82
.
106.
Watson
,
C. S.
,
Dobie
,
R. A.
,
Durlach
,
N.
,
Humes
,
L. E.
,
Levitt
,
H.
,
Miller
,
J. D.
,
Sherrick
,
C. E.
,
Simmons
,
F. B.
,
Studebaker
,
G. A.
,
Tyler
,
R. S.
, and
Widin
,
G. P.
(
1991
). “
Speech-perception aids for hearing-impaired people: Current status and needed research. Working Group on Communication Aids for the Hearing-Impaired
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
90
,
637
683
.
107.
Winter
,
I. M.
,
Robertson
,
D.
, and
Yates
,
G. K.
(
1990
). “
Diversity of characteristic frequency rate-intensity functions in guinea pig auditory nerve fibres
,”
Hear. Res.
45
,
191
202
.
108.
Wolski
,
L. F.
,
Anderson
,
R. C.
,
Bowles
,
A. E.
, and
Yochem
,
P. K.
(
2003
). “
Measuring hearing in the harbor seal (Phoca vitulina): Comparison of behavioral and auditory brainstem response techniques
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
113
,
629
637
.
109.
Xue
,
S.
,
Mountain
,
D. C.
, and
Hubbard
,
A. E.
(
1993
). “
Acoustic enhancement of electrically-evoked otoacoustic emissions reflects basilar membrane tuning: Experiment results
,”
Hear. Res.
70
,
121
126
.
110.
Xue
,
S.
,
Mountain
,
D. C.
, and
Hubbard
,
A. E.
(
1995
). “
Electrically evoked basilar membrane motion
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
97
,
3030
3041
.
You do not currently have access to this content.