The “Fuzzy-Logical Model of Perception” (FLMP) has often been questioned for its presumed ability to fit any data, but no clear-cut evidence has been presented yet. This paper demonstrates the ability of the FLMP to fit random data in the “McGurk region,” that is in conditions involving conflicting stimuli. This is due to the so-called “00 problem,” consisting in the fact that any audio-visual response can be fitted by the FLMP if the audio and visual stimuli provide at least one null probability in each possible category. The consequence is a high instability of the root mean square error in the region of the best fit.

1.
Cathiard
,
M. A.
,
Schwartz
,
J. L.
, and
Abry
,
C.
(
2001
). “
Asking a naive question to the McGurk effect: Why does audio [b] give more [d] percepts with visual [g] than with visual [d]?
,”
Proceedings of AVSP’2001
, pp.
138
142
.
2.
Cutting
,
J. E.
,
Brady
,
N. P.
,
Bruno
,
N.
, and
Moore
,
C.
(
1992
). “
Selectivity, scope, and simplicity of models: A lesson from fitting judgments of perceived depth
,”
J. Exp. Psychol.
121
,
364
381
.
3.
Dunn
,
J. C.
(
2000
). “
Model complexity: The fit to random data reconsidered
,”
Psychol. Res.
63
,
174
182
.
4.
Grant
,
K. W.
, and
Seitz
,
P. F.
(
1998
). “
Measures of auditory-visual integration in nonsense syllables and sentences
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
104
,
2438
2450
.
5.
Grant
,
K. W.
,
Walden
,
B. E.
, and
Seitz
,
P. F.
(
1998
). “
Auditory-visual speech recognition by hearing-impaired subjects: Consonant recognition, sentence recognition and auditory-visual integration
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
103
,
2677
2690
.
6.
Green
,
K. P.
(
1998
). “
The use of auditory and visual information during phonetic processing: Implications for theories of speech perception
,” in
Hearing by Eye II
, edited by
R.
Campbell
,
B.
Dodd
, and
D.
Burnham
(
Psychology Press
,
Hove, UK
), pp.
3
25
.
7.
Jones
,
J. A.
, and
Callan
,
D. E.
(
2003
). “
Brain activation during an audiovisual speech perception task: An fMRI study of the McGurk effect
,”
NeuroReport
14
,
1129
1133
.
8.
MacKay
,
D. J. C.
(
1992
). “
Bayesian interpolation
,”
Neural Comput.
4
,
415
447
.
9.
Massaro
,
D. W.
(
1987
).
Speech Perception by Ear and Eye: A Paradigm for Psychological Inquiry
(
Laurence Erlbaum Associates
,
London
).
10.
Massaro
,
D. W.
(
1998
).
Perceiving Talking Faces
(
MIT
,
Cambridge
).
11.
Massaro
,
D. W.
, and
Cohen
,
M. M.
(
1993
). “
The Paradigm and the Fuzzy Logical Model of Perception are alive and well
,”
J. Exp. Psychol.
122
,
115
124
.
12.
Massaro
,
D. W.
, and
Cohen
,
M. M.
(
2000
). “
Tests of auditory-visual integration efficiency within the framework of the fuzzy-logical model of perception
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
108
,
784
789
.
13.
Massaro
,
D. W.
,
Cohen
,
M. M.
,
Campbell
,
C. S.
, and
Rodriguez
,
T.
(
2001
). “
Bayes factor of model selection validates FLMP
,”
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
8
,
1
17
.
14.
McGurk
,
H.
, and
MacDonald
,
J.
(
1976
). “
Hearing lips and seeing voices
,”
Nature (London)
264
,
746
748
.
15.
Myung
,
I. J.
, and
Pitt
,
M. A.
(
1997
). “
Applying Occam’s razor in modeling cognition: A Bayesian approach
,”
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
4
,
79
95
.
16.
Pitt
,
M. A.
,
Kim
,
W.
, and
Myung
,
I. J.
(
2003
). “
Flexibility versus generalizability in model selection
,”
Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
10
,
29
44
.
17.
Pitt
,
M. A.
, and
Myung
,
I. J.
(
2002
). “
When a good fit can be bad
,”
Trends in Cognitive Science
6
,
421
425
.
18.
Sekiyama
,
K.
,
Kanno
,
I.
,
Miura
,
S.
, and
Sugita
,
Y.
(
2003
). “
Auditory-visual speech perception examined by fMRI and PET
,”
Neurosci. Res. (N Y)
47
,
277
287
.
19.
Tiippana
,
K.
,
Andersen
,
T. S.
, and
Sams
,
M.
(
2004
). “
Visual attention modulates audiovisual speech perception
,”
European Journal of Cognitive Psychology
16
,
457
472
.
You do not currently have access to this content.