Auditory feedback influences human speech production, as demonstrated by studies using rapid pitch and loudness changes. Feedback has also been investigated using the gradual manipulation of formants in adaptation studies with whispered speech. In the work reported here, the first formant of steady-state isolated vowels was unexpectedly altered within trials for voiced speech. This was achieved using a real-time formant tracking and filtering system developed for this purpose. The first formant of vowel was manipulated 100% toward either /æ/ or /I/, and participants responded by altering their production with average F1 compensation as large as 16.3% and 10.6% of the applied formant shift, respectively. Compensation was estimated to begin after stimulus onset. The rapid formant compensations found here suggest that auditory feedback control is similar for both F0 and formants.
REFERENCES
1.
Bauer
, J. J.
, and Larson
, C. R.
(2003
). “Audio-vocal responses to repetitive pitch-shift stimulation during a sustained vocalization: Improvements in methodology for the pitch-shifting technique
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
114
, 1048
–1054
.2.
Beckman
, M. E.
, Jung
, T. P.
, Lee
, S. H.
, Dejong
, K.
, Krishnamurthy
, A. K.
, Ahalt
, S. C.
, Cohen
, K. B.
, and Collins
, M. J.
(1995
). “Variability in the production of quantal vowels revisited
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
97
, 471
–490
.3.
Békésy
, G. v.
(1932
). “Zur theorie des hörens bei der schallaufnahme durch knochenleitung
,” Ann. Phys.
13
, 111
–136
.4.
Binnie
, C. A.
, Daniloff
, R. G.
, and Buckingham
, H. W.
, Jr. (1982
). “Phonetic disintegration in a five-year-old following sudden hearing loss
,” J. Speech Hear. Disord.
47
, 181
–189
.5.
Burnett
, T. A.
, and Larson
, C. R.
(2002
). “Early pitch-shift response is active in both steady and dynamic voice pitch control
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
112
, 1058
–1063
.6.
Burnett
, T. A.
, Senner
, J. E.
, and Larson
, C. R.
(1997
). “Voice F0 responses to pitch-shifted auditory feedback: A preliminary study
,” J. Voice
11
, 202
–211
.7.
Burnett
, T. A.
, Freedland
, M. B.
, Larson
, C. R.
, and Hain
, T. C.
(1998
). “Voice F0 responses to manipulations in pitch feedback
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
103
, 3153
–3161
.8.
Cowie
, R.
, and Douglas-Cowie
, E.
(1992
). Postlingually Acquired Deafness
(Mouton de Gruyter
, New York), p. 304
.9.
Cowie
, R.
, Douglas-Cowie
, E.
, and Kerr
, A. G.
(1982
). “A study of speech deterioration in post-lingually deafened adults
,” J. Laryngol. Otol.
96
, 101
–112
.10.
Donath
, T. M.
, Natke
, U.
, and Kalveram
, K. T.
(2002
). “Effects of frequency-shifted auditory feedback on voice F0 contours in syllables
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
, 357
–366
.11.
Economou
, A.
, Tartter
, V. C.
, Chute
, P. M.
, and Hellman
, S. A.
(1992
). “Speech changes following reimplantation from a single-channel to a multichannel cochlear implant
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
, 1310
–1323
.12.
13.
Ghahramani
, Z.
, and Wolpert
, D. M.
(1997
). “Modular decomposition in visuomotor learning
,” Nature
386
, 392
–395
.14.
Hain
, T. C.
, Burnett
, T. A.
, Kiran
, S.
, Larson
, C. R.
, Singh
, S.
, and Kenney
, M. K.
(2000
). “Instructing subjects to make a voluntary response reveals the presence of two components to the audio-vocal reflex
,” Exp. Brain Res.
130
, 133
–141
.15.
Held
, R.
(1965
). “Plasticity in sensory-motor systems
,” Sci. Am.
213
, 84
–94
.16.
Houde
, J. F.
, and Jordan
, M. I.
(1998
). “Sensorimotor adaptation in speech production
,” Science
279
, 1213
–1216
.17.
Houde
, J. F.
, and Jordan
, M. I.
(2002
). “Sensorimotor adaptation of speech I: Compensation and adaptation
,” J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res.
45
, 295
–310
.18.
Jones
, J. A.
, and Munhall
, K. G.
(2000
). “Perceptual calibration of F0 production: Evidence from feedback perturbation
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
108
, 1246
–1251
.19.
Jones
, J. A.
, and Munhall
, K. G.
(2002
). “The role of auditory feedback during phonation: Studies of Mandarin tone production
,” J. Phonetics
30
, 303
–320
.20.
Kent
, R. D.
, and Forner
, L. L.
(1979
). “Developmental study of vowel formant frequencies in an imitation task
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
65
, 208
–217
.21.
Kewley-Port
, D.
(2001
). “Vowel formant discrimination II: Effects of stimulus uncertainty, consonantal context, and training
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
110
, 2141
–2155
.22.
Kewley-Port
, D.
, and Watson
, C. S.
(1994
). “Formant-frequency discrimination for isolated English vowels
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
95
, 485
–496
.23.
Kewley-Port
, D.
, and Zheng
, Y.
(1999
). “Vowel formant discrimination: Towards more ordinary listening conditions
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
106
, 2945
–2958
.24.
Khanna
, S. M.
, Tonndorf
, J.
, and Queller
, J. E.
(1976
). “Mechanical parameters of hearing by bone conduction
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
60
, 139
–154
.25.
Ladefoged
, P.
(1982
). A Course in Phonetics
(Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc.
, New York).26.
Ladefoged
, P.
, Silverstein
, R.
, and Papcun
, G.
(1973
). “Letter: Interruptibility of speech
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
54
, 1105
–1108
.27.
Lane
, H.
, and Webster
, J. W.
(1991
). “Speech deterioration in postlingually deafened adults
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
89
, 859
–866
.28.
Larson
, C. R.
, Burnett
, T. A.
, Bauer
, J. J.
, Kiran
, S.
, and Hain
, T. C.
(2001
). “Comparison of voice F0 responses to pitch-shift onset and offset conditions
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
110
, 2845
–2848
.29.
Larson
, C. R.
, Burnett
, T. A.
, Kiran
, S.
, and Hain
, T. C.
(2000
). “Effects of pitch-shift velocity on voice F0 responses
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
107
, 559
–564
.30.
Leder
, S. B.
, and Spitzer
, J. B.
(1993
). “Speaking fundamental frequency, intensity, and rate of adventitiously profoundly hearing-impaired adult women
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
93
, 2146
–2151
.31.
Leder
, S. B.
, Spitzer
, J. B.
, and Kirchner
, J. C.
(1987
). “Speaking fundamental frequency of postlingually profoundly deaf adult men
,” Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol.
96
, 322
–324
.32.
Leydon
, C.
, Bauer
, J. J.
, and Larson
, C. R.
(2003
). “The role of auditory feedback in sustaining vocal vibrato
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
114
, 1575
–1581
.33.
Liu
, C.
, and Kewley-Port
, D.
(2004
). “Formant discrimination in noise for isolated vowels
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 3119
–3129
.34.
Miall
, R. C.
, and Wolpert
, D. M.
(1996
). “Forward models for physiological motor control
,” Neural Networks
9
, 1265
–1279
.35.
Moore
, B. C.
(1973
). “Frequency difference limens for short-duration tones
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
54
, 610
–619
.36.
Natke
, U.
, and Kalveram
, K. T.
(2001
). “Effects of frequency-shifted auditory feedback on fundamental frequency of long stressed and unstressed syllables
,” J. Speech Lang. Hear. Res.
44
, 577
–584
.37.
Natke
, U.
, Donath
, T. M.
, and Kalveram
, K. T.
(2003
). “Control of voice fundamental frequency in speaking versus singing
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
113
, 1587
–1593
.38.
Orfandidis
, S. J.
(1988
). Optimum Signal Processing, An Introduction
(MacMillan
, New York).39.
Perkell
, J.
, Lane
, H.
, Svirsky
, M.
, and Webster
, J.
(1992
). “Speech of cochlear implant patients: a longitudinal study of vowel production
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
91
, 2961
–2978
.40.
Perkell
, J. S.
, and Nelson
, W. L.
(1985
). “Variability in production of the vowels /i/ and /a/
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
77
, 1889
–1895
.41.
Perkell
, J. S.
, Guenther
, F. H.
, Lane
, H.
, Matthies
, M. L.
, Perrier
, P.
, Vick
, J.
, Wilhelms-Tricarico
, R.
, and Zandipour
, M.
(2000
). “A theory of speech motor control and supporting data from speakers with normal hearing and with profound hearing loss
,” J. Phonetics
28
, 233
–272
.42.
Pisoni
, D. B.
(1980
). “Variability of vowel formant frequencies and the quantal theory of speech: A first report
,” Phonetica
37
, 285
–305
.43.
Porschmann
, C.
(2000
). “Influences of bone conduction and air conduction on the sound of one’s own voice
,” Acta Acust.
86
, 1038
–1045
.44.
Purcell
, D. W.
, Kunov
, H.
, and Cleghorn
, W.
(2003
). “Estimating bone conduction transfer functions using otoacoustic emissions
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
114
, 907
–918
.45.
Repp
, B. H.
, and Williams
, D. R.
(1987
). “Categorical tendencies in imitating self-produced isolated vowels
,” Speech Commun.
6
, 1
–14
.46.
Schenk
, B. S.
, Baumgartner
, W. D.
, and Hamzavi
, J. S.
(2003
). “Effect of the loss of auditory feedback on segmental parameters of vowels of postlingually deafened speakers
,” Auris Nasus Larynx
30
, 333
–339
.47.
Siegel
, S.
, and Castellan
, N. J.
(1988
). Nonparametric Statistics for the Behavioral Sciences
(McGraw-Hill
, Boston).48.
Sivasankar
, M.
, Bauer
, J. J.
, Babu
, T.
, and Larson
, C. R.
(2005
). “Voice responses to changes in pitch of voice or tone auditory feedback
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 850
–857
.49.
50.
Surprenant
, A. M.
, and Watson
, C. S.
(2001
). “Individual differences in the processing of speech and nonspeech sounds by normal-hearing listeners
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
110
, 2085
–2095
.51.
Svirsky
, M. A.
, and Tobey
, E. A.
(1991
). “Effect of different types of auditory stimulation on vowel formant frequencies in multichannel cochlear implant users
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
89
, 2895
–2904
.52.
Svirsky
, M. A.
, Lane
, H.
, Perkell
, J. S.
, and Wozniak
, J.
(1992
). “Effects of short-term auditory deprivation on speech production in adult cochlear implant users
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
92
, 1284
–1300
.53.
Tonndorf
, J.
(1972
). “Bone Conduction
,” in Foundations of Modern Auditory Theory
, edited by J. V.
Tobias
(Academic
, New York), pp. 195
–237
.54.
Vallabha
, G. K.
, and Tuller
, B.
(2002
). “Systematic errors in the formant analysis of steady-state vowels
,” Speech Commun.
38
, 141
–160
.55.
Vallabha
, G. K.
, and Tuller
, B.
(2004
). “Perceptuomotor bias in the imitation of steady-state vowels
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 1184
–1197
.56.
Villacorta
, V.
, Perkell
, J. S.
, and Guenther
, F. H.
(2004
). “Sensorimotor adaptation to acoustic perturbations in vowel formants
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
115
, 2430
.57.
Villacorta
, V.
, Perkell
, J. S.
, and Guenther
, F. H.
(2005
). “Relations between speech sensorimotor adaptation and perceptual acuity
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
117
, 2618
.58.
Waldstein
, R. S.
(1990
). “Effects of postlingual deafness on speech production: Implications for the role of auditory feedback
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
88
, 2099
–2114
.59.
Wolpert
, D. M.
, and Kawato
, M.
(1998
). “Multiple paired forward and inverse models for motor control
,” Neural Networks
11
, 1317
–1329
.60.
Xu
, Y.
, Larson
, C. R.
, Bauer
, J. J.
, and Hain
, T. C.
(2004
). “Compensation for pitch-shifted auditory feedback during the production of Mandarin tone sequences
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 1168
–1178
.© 2006 Acoustical Society of America.
2006
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.