The influence of the meteorological variability on the characteristics of the primary sonic boom emerging from an aircraft in cruising flight is investigated. The sonic-boom propagation is calculated by means of an advanced ray-tracing algorithm which takes meteorological influences into account. Real meteorological situations are considered based on a full data set in 12- and/or resolution. Three different climate regions are studied: a mid-latitude coastal sea region, a tropical coastal sea area, and a subpolar land region. Frequency distributions of sonic-boom characteristics such as wave amplitude, rise time, and carpet width are shown for each area, all seasons, and opposing flight directions. It turns out that while variability is low at the ground track, it is high laterally for carpet width or boom amplitude at the outer carpet edges. A correlation analysis is applied which shows specific relationships between meteorological profile parameters and acoustical response. In addition, a meteorological classification is introduced and tested.
REFERENCES
1.
Bass
, H. E.
, Sutherland
, L. C.
, Piercy
, J.
, and Evans
, L.
(1984
). “Absorption of sound by the atmosphere
,” in Physical Acoustics
, edited by W. P.
Mason
and R. N.
Thurston
(Academic
, Orlando) Vol. XVII
, pp. 145
–232
.2.
Blokhintzev
, D. I.
(1946
). “The propagation of sound in an inhomogeneous and moving medium I
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
18
, 322
–328
.3.
Blumrich
, R.
, Coulouvrat
, F.
, and Heimann
, D.
(2005
). “Variability of Focused Sonic Booms from Accelerating Supersonic Aircraft in Consideration of Meteorological Effects
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
118
, 676
–686
.4.
Candel
, S.
(1977
). “Numerical solution of conservation equation arising in linear wave theory: application to aeroacoustics
,” J. Fluid Mech.
83
, 465
–493
.5.
Cleveland
, R. O.
(1995
). “Propagation of sonic booms through a real, stratified atmosphere
,” Ph.D. dissertation, The University of Texas
at Austin.6.
Cleveland
, R. O.
, Chambers
, J. P.
, Bass
, H. E.
, Raspet
, R.
, Blackstock
, D. T.
, and Hamilton
, M. F.
(1996
). “Comparison of computer codes for the propagation of sonic boom waveforms through isothermal atmospheres
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
100
, 3017
–3027
.7.
Coulouvrat
, F.
(2002
). “Sonic boom in the shadow zone: A geometrical theory of diffraction
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
, 499
–508
.8.
Coulouvrat
, F.
, and Auger
, Th.
(1996
). “Influence of molecular relaxation on the rise time of sonic booms
,” 7th Int. Symp. Long Range Sound Propagation
, Lyon, 25–26 July 1996, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, Actes du Symposium, pp. 177
–191
.9.
Dancer
, A.
, and Naz
, P.
(2004
). “Sonic boom: ISL studies from the 60’s to the 70’s
,” in Proceedings of 7ème Congrès Français d’Acoustique/30. Deutsche Jahrestagung für Akustik DAGA
, Strasbourg, France, 22–25 March 2004, pp. 1067
–1068
.10.
Esclangon
, E.
(1925
). L’acoustique des canons et des projectiles
(Imprimerie Nationale
, Paris) (in French).11.
Gibson
, R.
, Kallberg
, P.
, Uppala
, S.
, Hernandez
, A.
, Nomura
, A.
, and Serrano
, E.
(1997
). ERA description, ECMWF ReAnalysis Project Report Series 1
. Available from ECMWF, Shinfield Park, Reading, Berkshire RG2 9AX, U.K.12.
Guiraud
, J.-P.
(1965
). “Acoustique géométrique, bruit balistique des avions supersoniques et focalisation
,” J. Mec.
4
, 215
–267
(in French).13.
Haglund
, G. T.
, and Kane
, J.
(1974
). “Flight test measurements and analysis of sonic boom phenomena near the shock wave extremity
,” AIAA Pap.
74
–6
.14.
15.
Hayes
, W. D.
, Haefeli
, R. C.
, and Kulsrud
, H. E.
(1969
). “Sonic boom propagation in a stratified atmosphere with computer programme
,” NASA CR–1299.16.
Heimann
, D.
(2001
). “Effects of long-term atmospheric variability on the width of a sonic-boom carpet produced by high-flying supersonic aircraft
,” ARLO
2
, 73
–78
.17.
Hodgson
, J. P.
(1973
). “Vibrational relaxation effects in weak shock waves in air and the structure of sonic bangs
,” J. Fluid Mech.
58
, 187
–196
.18.
Hubbard
, H. H.
, Maglieri
, D. J.
, and Huckel
, V.
(1971
). “Variability of sonic boom signatures with emphasis on the extremities of the ground exposure patterns
,” Third Conference on Sonic Boom Research, NASA SP–255, pp. 351
–359
.19.
ICAO
(1993
). Manual of the ICAO Standard Atmosphere (extended to ), Doc 7488/3rd ed.20.
Le Pichon
, A.
, Garcés
, M.
, Blanc
, E.
, Barthélémy
, M.
, and Drob
, D. P.
(2002
). “Acoustic propagation and atmosphere characteristics derived from infrasonic waves generated by the Concorde
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
, 629
–641
.21.
Lundberg
, W. R.
(1994
). “Seasonal sonic boom propagation prediction
,” Armstrong Laboratory, AL/OE-TR-1994-0132.22.
Maglieri
, D. J.
, and Plotkin
, K. J.
(1995
). “Sonic boom
,” in Aeroacoustics of Flight Vehicles
, edited by H. H.
Hubbard
, (Acoustical Society of America
, Woodbury, NY), Vol. 1
, pp. 519
–561
.23.
McCurdy
, D. A.
, Brown
, S. A.
, and Hilliard
, R. D.
(2004
). “Subjective response of people to simulated sonic booms in their homes
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
116
, 1573
–1584
.24.
Neter
, J.
, Wasserman
, W.
, and Whitmore
, G. A.
(1988
). Applied Statistics
, 3rd ed. (Allyn and Bacon
, Boston).25.
Parmentier
, G.
, Mathieu
, G.
, Schaffar
, M.
, and Johe
, Ch.
(1973
). “Bang sonique de Concorde: enregistrement hors trace des variations de pression au sol. Centre d’Essais des Landes, 13–15 June 1973
,” Institut Franco-Allemand de Recherches de Saint-Louis, Rapport Technique RT19/73.26.
Pierce
, A. D.
(1989
). Acoustics, an Introduction to its Physical Principles and Applications
(Acoustical Society of America
, New York) (1st ed. in 1981
).27.
Pierce
, A. D.
, and Kang
, J.
(1990
). “Molecular relaxation effects on sonic boom waveforms
,” in Frontiers of Nonlinear Acoustics
, Proceedings of the 12th Int. Symp. Nonlinear Acoust.
, edited by M. F.
Hamilton
and D. T.
Blackstock
(Elsevier
, London), pp. 165
–170
.28.
Plotkin
, K. J.
(2002
). “State of the art of sonic boom modelling
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
111
, 530
–536
.29.
Plotkin
, K. J.
, and Page
, J. A.
(2002
). “Extrapolation of sonic boom signatures from CFD solutions
,” AIAA Pap.
2002
–0922
.30.
Shepherd
, K. P.
, and Sullivan
, B. M.
(1991
). “A loudness calculation procedure applied to shaped sonic booms
,” NASA Technical Paper TP–3134.31.
Sutherland
, L. C.
, and Bass
, H. E.
(2004
). “Atmospheric absorption in the atmosphere up to
,” J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
115
, 1012
–1032
.32.
Thomas
, C. L.
(1972
). “Extrapolation of sonic boom pressure signatures by the waveform parameter method
,” NASA TN D-6832.33.
Walkden
, F.
(1958
). “The shock pattern of a wing-body combination, far from the flight path
,” Aeronaut. Q.
IX
, 164
–194
.34.
Whitham
, G. B.
(1952
). “The flow pattern of a supersonic projectile
,” Commun. Pure Appl. Math.
5
, 301
–348
.35.
Whitham
, G. B.
(1956
). “On the propagation of weak shock waves
,” J. Fluid Mech.
1
, 290
–318
.36.
37.
WMO
(1957
). “Meteorology—A three-dimensional science: Second session of the commission for aerology
,” WMO Bull.
IV(4)
, 134
–138
.38.
Zängl
, G.
, and Hoinka
, K. P.
(2000
). “The tropopause in the polar regions
,” J. Clim.
14
, 3117
–3139
.© 2005 Acoustical Society of America.
2005
Acoustical Society of America
You do not currently have access to this content.
