In order to examine the role of noise sensitivity in response to environmental noise, this paper presents detailed comparisons of socio-acoustic studies conducted around international airports in Amsterdam, Sydney, and London. Earlier findings that noise sensitivity moderates the effect of noise on annoyance were examined to see if they could be replicated in each of the datasets, independent of the technique of measuring noise sensitivity. The relation between exposure to aircraft noise and noise annoyance was studied separately for groups of individuals with low, medium, and high noise sensitivity, with statistical adjustment for relevant confounders. Results support the previous findings that noise sensitivity is an independent predictor of annoyance and adds to the prediction of noise annoyance afforded by noise exposure level by up to 26% of explained variance. There is no evidence of a moderating effect, whereby the covariation between noise exposure level and annoyance is weak for people who score at the extreme high or low end of the sensitivity scale, and strong for people who score in the middle of the sensitivity scale. Generally, noise sensitivity appears to increase annoyance independently of the level of noise exposure after adjustment for relevant confounders. These findings were consistent across the three datasets.

1.
R. F. S.
Job
, “
Community response to noise: A review of factors influencing the relation between noise exposure and reaction
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
83
,
991
1001
(
1988
).
2.
R. F. S.
Job
, “
Noise sensitivity as a factor influencing human reactions to noise
,”
Noise and Health
3
,
57
68
(
1999
).
3.
R.
Guski
, “
Personal and social variables as co-determinants of noise-annoyance
,”
Noise and Health
3
,
45
56
(
1999
).
4.
J. M.
Fields
, “
The effect of numbers of noise events on people’s reactions to noise. An analysis of existing survey data
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
75
,
447
467
(
1994
).
5.
J. M.
Fields
and
J. G.
Walker
, “
Comparing the relation between noise level and annoyance in different surveys
,”
J. Sound Vib.
81
,
51
80
(
1982
).
6.
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
M. M.
Haines
, and
B.
Brown
, “
Noise and health in the urban environment
,”
Noise and Health
2
,
43
82
(
2000
).
7.
A. C. McKennell, “Aircraft noise annoyance around London (Heathrow) Airport,” Central Office of Information: London, S.S 337 (1963).
8.
S. A.
Stansfeld
, “
Noise, noise sensitivity and psychiatric disorder: Epidemiological and psychophysiological studies
,”
Psychol. Med. Monogr. Suppl.
22
,
1
44
(
1992
).
9.
J. M. Fields, “Effects of personal and situational variables on noise annoyance with special reference to implications for en Route Noise,” Washington DC: Federal Aviation Administration and NASA Report No: FAA-AEE-92-03 (1992).
10.
E.
Ohrstrom
, “
Effects of low levels of road traffic noise during the night: A laboratory study on number of events, maximum noise levels, and noise sensitivity
,”
J. Sound Vib.
179
,
603
615
(
1995
).
11.
M. E.
Nivison
and
I. M.
Endresen
, “
An analysis of relations among environmentalnoise, annoyance and sensitivity to noise, and the consequences for health and sleep
,”
J. Behav. Med.
16
,
257
276
(
1993
).
12.
J.
di Nisi
,
A.
Muzet
,
J.
Ehrhart
, and
J. P.
Libert
, “
Comparison of cardiovascular responses to noise during waking and sleeping in humans
,”
Sleep
13
,
108
120
(
1990
).
13.
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
C. R.
Clark
, and
L. M.
Jenkins
, “
Sensitivity to noise a community sample: I. Measurement of psychiatric disorder and personality
,”
Psychol. Med.
15
,
243
254
(
1985
).
14.
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
C. R.
Clark
,
G.
Turpin
,
L. M.
Jenkins
, and
A.
Tarnopolsky
, “
Sensitivity to noise in a community sample. II. Measurement of psychophysiological indices
,”
Psychol. Med.
15
,
255
263
(
1985
).
15.
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
D.
Sharp
,
J.
Gallacher
, and
W.
Babisch
, “
Road traffic noise, noise sensitivity and psychological disorder
,”
Psychol. Med.
23
,
977
985
(
1993
).
16.
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
J.
Gallacher
,
W.
Babisch
, and
M.
Shipley
, “
Road traffic noise and psychiatric disorder: Prospective findings from the Caerphilly Study
,”
Br. Med. J.
313
,
266
267
(
1996
).
17.
A.
Smith
and
S. A.
Stansfeld
, “
Aircraft noise exposure, noise sensitivity and everyday errors
,”
Environ. Behav.
18
,
214
226
(
1986
).
18.
J.
Gallacher
and
W.
Babisch
, “
Road traffic noise, noise sensitivity, and psychological disorder
,”
Psychol. Med.
23
,
977
985
(
1993
).
19.
P.
Bathia
,
I. S.
Muhar
,
K. K
Mahajan
, and
K.
Chawia
, “
Noise sensitivity as related to anxiety, intelligence and introversion–extraversion
,”
J. Pers. Clin. Stud.
12
,
55
60
(
1996
).
20.
E.
Ohrstrom
,
M.
Bjorkman
, and
R.
Rylander
, “
Effects of noise during sleep with reference to noise sensitivity and habituation
,”
Environ. Int.
16
,
477
482
(
1990
).
21.
K. S.
Ann
, “
Effects of aircraft noise and noise sensitivity on the physical and mental well-being of older adults
,”
Health Sci. Nursing.
47
(
3
),
991
-
B
(
1986
).
22.
E. P. Sarafino, Health Psychology, Biopsychosocial Interactions, 2nd ed. (Wiley, New York, 1994).
23.
R. F. S.
Job
,
J.
Hatfield
,
P.
Peploe
,
N. L.
Carter
,
R.
Taylor
, and
S.
Morrell
, “
General scales of community reaction to noise (dissatisfaction and perceived affectedness) are more reliable than scales of annoyance
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
110
,
939
946
(
2001
).
24.
J.
Hatfield
,
R. F. S.
Job
,
P.
Peploe
,
N. L.
Carter
,
R.
Taylor
, and
S.
Morrell
, “
The influence of psychological factors on the physiological and health effects of noise
,”
Noise and Health
10
,
1
14
(
2001
).
25.
K.
Zimmer
and
W.
Ellermeier
, “
Psychometric properties of four measures of noise sensitivity: A comparison
,”
J Environ. Psychol.
19
,
295
(
1999
).
26.
G.
Belojevic
,
E.
Öhrström
, and
R.
Rylander
, “
Effects of noise on mental performance with regard to subjective noise sensitivity
,”
Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health
64
,
293
301
(
1992
).
27.
G.
Belojevic
,
B.
Jakovljevic
, and
O.
Oleksic
, “
Subjective reactions to traffic noise with regard to some personality traits
,”
Environ. Int.
23
,
221
226
(
1997
).
28.
B.
Ekehammar
and
S.
Dornic
, “
Weinstein’s noise-sensitivity scale: Reliability and construct validity
,”
Percept. Mot. Skills
70
,
129
130
(
1990
).
29.
N.
Moreira
and
M.
Bryan
, “
Noise annoyance susceptibility
,”
J. Sound Vib.
21
,
449
462
(
1972
).
30.
S. M.
Taylor
, “
A path model of aircraft noise annoyance
,”
J. Sound Vib.
96
,
243
260
(
1984
).
31.
N. D.
Weinstein
, “
Individual differences in reactions to noise: A longitudinal study in a college dormitory
,”
J. Appl. Psychol.
63
,
458
566
(
1978
).
32.
N. D.
Weinstein
, “
Individual differences in critical tendencies and noise annoyance
,”
J. Sound Vib.
68
,
241
248
(
1980
).
33.
J. M.
Fields
, “
The effect of numbers of noise events on people’s reactions to noise: An analysis of existing survey data
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
75
,
447
467
(
1984
).
34.
R. B.
Bullen
,
A. J.
Hede
, and
R. F. S.
Job
, “
Community reaction to noise from an artillery range
,”
Noise Control Eng.
37
,
115
128
(
1991
).
35.
C. Levy-Leboyer and G. Moser, “Individual differences in noise annoyance: Four explanations,” in Environmental Annoyance Characterisation, Measurement and Control, edited by H.S. Koelega (Elsevier, Woudschoten, 1989).
36.
C. M. B. Anderson, “The measurement of attitude to noise and noises,” Acoustic report Ac. 52, National Physical Laboratory, Teddington (1971).
37.
F. J.
Langdon
, “
Noise nuisance caused by road traffic in residential areas
,”
J. Sound Vib.
111
,
243
263
(
1976
).
38.
An intervening variable can be described (see Ref. 3) as a feature/attribute of a person that depends on the stimulus and also influences the response to this stimulus. In such a model each step adds to the prediction.
39.
An effect modifier is a feature/attribute of a person that changes the effect of a stimulus (e.g., noise) on the response (e.g., annoyance). The relation between noise and reaction is only valid for some values of noise sensitivity, but not for others.
40.
H. M. E.
Miedema
and
H.
Vos
, “
Noise sensitivity and reactions to noise and other environmental conditions
,”
J. Acoust. Soc. Am.
113
,
1492
1504
(
2003
).
41.
J.
Hatfield
,
R. F. S.
Job
,
A. J.
Hede
,
P.
Peploe
,
N. L.
Carter
,
R.
Taylor
, and
S.
Morrell
, “
The role of learned helplessness in human response to noise
,”
Int. J. Behav. Med.
9
,
341
359
(
2002
).
42.
E. A. M.
Franssen
,
C. M. A. G.
van Wiechen
,
N. J. D.
Nagelkerke
, and
E.
Lebret
, “
Aircraft noise around a large international airport and its impact on general health and medication use
,”
Occup. Environ. Med.
61
,
405
413
(
2004
).
43.
M. M.
Haines
,
S. A.
Stansfeld
,
R. F. S.
Job
,
B.
Berglund
, and
J.
Head
, “
Chronic aircraft noise exposure, stress responses, mental health, and cognitive performance in school children
,”
Psychol. Med.
31
,
265
277
(
2001
).
44.
A. J.
Hede
and
R. B.
Bullen
, “
Human perception and reaction to noise
,”
Architect. Sci. Rev.
3
,
58
64
(
1981
).
45.
R. B.
Bullen
,
A. J.
Hede
, and
E.
Kyriacos
, “
Reaction to aircraft noise in residential areas around Australian airports
,”
J. Sound Vib.
108
,
199
225
(
1986
).
46.
A. L.
Brown
, “
Traffic noise annoyance along urban roadways: report on a survey in Brisbane, Sydney and Melbourne,” Australian Road Research, Internal Report
AIR 206-06
1978
.
47.
G. J.
Raw
and
I. D.
Griffith
, “
Individual differences in response to road traffic noise
,”
J. Sound Vib.
121
,
463
471
(
1988
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.