During the past decade, a number of diagnostic instruments have been developed that utilize electron pulse-dilation to achieve temporal resolution in the 5–30 ps range. These development efforts were motivated by the need for advanced diagnostics for high-energy density physics experiments around the world. The new instruments include single- and multi-frame gated imagers and non-imaging detectors that record continuous data streams. Electron pulse-dilation provides high-speed detection capability by converting incoming signals into a free electron cloud and manipulating the electron signal with electric and magnetic fields. Here, we discuss design details and applications of these instruments along with issues and challenges associated with employing the electron pulse-dilation technique. Additionally, methods to characterize instrument performance and improve tolerance to gamma and neutron background radiation are discussed.
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