The High Beta Tokamak-Extended Pulse has recently incorporated a tangential multi-energy extreme ultraviolet and soft x-ray diagnostic system. This system enables measurements of the electron temperature and the examination of mode dynamics within the tokamak. While other systems have been built for poloidal views over similar temperature ranges, this is the first multi-energy tangential-view system designed to work in a temperature range below 200 eV in a tokamak. To facilitate these measurements, a filter wheel comprising five distinct groups of dual-filters has been developed and implemented. By employing a combination of 0.1 μm aluminum and 0.2 μm titanium filters, the system allows estimation of electron temperature profiles through reconstruction of the emission profile using the standard “double-foil” technique. The influence of impurities and filter oxide layers on measurement outcomes is examined. Results reveal that, while the absolute electron temperature values may exhibit some deviations, key characteristics like the electron temperature profile shape and inversion radius during sawtooth events remain consistent. This consistency confirms the system’s suitability for core plasma studies. This system has proven effective in detecting and analyzing internal magnetohydrodynamic phenomena, such as sawteeth.

1.
S.
von Goeler
,
W.
Stodiek
, and
N.
Sauthoff
, “
Studies of internal disruptions and m = 1 oscillations in tokamak discharges with soft—X-ray techniques
,”
Phys. Rev. Lett.
33
,
1201
1203
(
1974
).
2.
L.
Delgado-Aparicio
,
D.
Stutman
,
S. A.
Sabbagh
,
R. E.
Bell
,
J. W.
Berkery
,
K.
Tritz
,
S. P.
Gerhardt
,
B.
LeBlanc
,
M.
Finkenthal
,
J. P.
Levesque
,
K. C.
Lee
,
J.
Menard
,
S.
Paul
, and
L.
Roquemore
, “
Soft x-ray measurements of resistive wall mode behavior in NSTX
,”
Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
53
,
035005
(
2011
).
3.
E. M.
Hollmann
,
L.
Chousal
,
R. K.
Fisher
,
R.
Hernandez
,
G. L.
Jackson
,
M. J.
Lanctot
,
S. V.
Pidcoe
,
J.
Shankara
, and
D. A.
Taussig
, “
Soft x-ray array system with variable filters for the DIII-D tokamak
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
82
,
113507
(
2011
).
4.
B.
Alper
,
S.
Dillon
,
A. W.
Edwards
,
R. D.
Gill
,
R.
Robins
, and
D. J.
Wilson
, “
The JET soft x-ray diagnostic systems
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
68
,
778
781
(
1997
).
5.
V.
Igochine
,
O.
Dumbrajs
,
H.
Zohm
,
A.
Flaws
, and
ASDEX Upgrade Team
, “
Stochastic sawtooth reconnection in ASDEX Upgrade
,”
Nucl. Fusion
47
,
23
(
2006
).
6.
A.
Weller
,
C.
Görner
, and
D.
Gonda
, “
X-ray diagnostics on WENDELSTEIN 7-AS
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
70
,
484
488
(
1999
).
7.
Y. L.
Li
,
G. S.
Xu
,
K.
Tritz
,
Y. B.
Zhu
,
B. N.
Wan
,
H.
Lan
,
Y. L.
Liu
,
J.
Wei
,
W.
Zhang
,
G. H.
Hu
,
H. Q.
Wang
,
Y. M.
Duan
,
J. L.
Zhao
,
L.
Wang
,
S. C.
Liu
,
Y.
Ye
,
J.
Li
,
X.
Lin
, and
X. L.
Li
, “
Edge multi-energy soft x-ray diagnostic in Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
86
,
123512
(
2015
).
8.
L.
Delgado-Aparicio
,
R. E.
Bell
,
I.
Faust
,
K.
Tritz
,
A.
Diallo
,
S. P.
Gerhardt
,
T. A.
Kozub
,
B. P.
LeBlanc
, and
B. C.
Stratton
, “
High-resolution tangential absolute extreme ultraviolet arrays for radiated power density measurements on NSTX-U
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
85
,
11D859
(
2014
).
9.
I.
Faust
,
L.
Delgado-Aparicio
,
R. E.
Bell
,
K.
Tritz
,
A.
Diallo
,
S. P.
Gerhardt
,
B.
LeBlanc
,
T. A.
Kozub
,
R. R.
Parker
, and
B. C.
Stratton
, “
Two-dimensional AXUV-based radiated power density diagnostics on NSTX-U
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
85
,
11D856
(
2014
).
10.
L. F.
Delgado-Aparicio
,
D.
Stutman
,
K.
Tritz
,
M.
Finkenthal
,
R.
Bell
,
J.
Hosea
,
R.
Kaita
,
B.
LeBlanc
,
L.
Roquemore
, and
J. R.
Wilson
, “
Fast electron temperature measurements using a ‘multicolor’ optical soft x-ray array
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
102
,
073304
(
2007
).
11.
P.
Franz
,
F.
Bonomo
,
L.
Marrelli
,
P.
Martin
,
P.
Piovesan
,
G.
Spizzo
,
B. E.
Chapman
,
D.
Craig
,
D. J.
Den Hartog
,
J. A.
Goetz
,
R.
O’Connell
,
S. C.
Prager
,
M.
Reyfman
, and
J. S.
Sarff
, “
Two-dimensional time resolved measurements of the electron temperature in MST
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
77
,
10F318
(
2006
).
12.
R.
Petrasso
,
M.
Gerassimenko
,
F. H.
Seguin
,
J.
Ting
,
R.
Krogstad
,
P.
Gauthier
,
W.
Hamilton
,
A.
Ramsey
,
P.
Burstein
, and
R.
Granetz
, “
Soft x-ray imaging instrument for the Alcator A tokamak
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
51
,
585
590
(
2008
).
13.
Z.
Xiang
and
C.
Yu
,
High Temperature Plasma Diagnostics
(
Shanghai Science and Technology Press
,
1984
).
14.
I. H.
Hutchinson
,
Principles of Plasma Diagnostics
(
Cambridge University Press
,
2002
).
15.
H.-K.
Chung
,
M.
Chen
,
W.
Morgan
,
Y.
Ralchenko
, and
R.
Lee
, “
FLYCHK: Generalized population kinetics and spectral model for rapid spectroscopic analysis for all elements
,”
High Energy Density Phys.
1
,
3
12
(
2005
).
16.
NIST Standard Reference Database 160, https://doi.org/10.18434/T4WS3G,
2018
; accessed July 13, 2023.
17.
Henkel Filter Transmission, https://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/filter2.html; accessed 23 March 2022.
18.
Opto Diode Corporation
, AXUV16ELG Diode Array Datasheet,
2019
, https://henke.lbl.gov/optical_constants/filter2.html.
19.
M. B.
McGarry
,
P.
Franz
,
D. J.
Den Hartog
, and
J. A.
Goetz
, “
A new double-foil soft x-ray array to measure Te on the MST reversed field pinch
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
81
,
10E516
(
2010
).
20.
J. L.
Herfindal
,
J. D.
Dawson
,
D. A.
Ennis
,
G. J.
Hartwell
,
S. D.
Loch
, and
D. A.
Maurer
, “
Design and initial operation of a two-color soft x-ray camera system on the Compact Toroidal Hybrid experiment
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
85
,
11D850
(
2014
).
21.
A.
Murari
,
P.
Franz
,
L.
Zabeo
,
R.
Bartiromo
,
L.
Carraro
,
G.
Gadani
,
L.
Marrelli
,
P.
Martin
,
R.
Pasqualotto
, and
M.
Valisa
, “
An optimized multifoil soft x-ray spectrometer for the determination of the electron temperature with high time resolution
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
70
,
581
585
(
1999
).
22.
R.
Granetz
and
J.
Camacho
, “
Soft-X-ray tomography on Alcator C
,”
Nucl. Fusion
25
,
727
(
1985
).
23.
R.
Granetz
and
P.
Smeulders
, “
X-ray tomography on JET
,”
Nucl. Fusion
28
,
457
(
1988
).
24.
H. R.
Griem
,
Plasma Spectroscopy
(
McGraw-Hill
,
New York
,
1964
).
25.
R.
Álvarez
,
A.
Rodero
, and
M.
Quintero
, “
An Abel inversion method for radially resolved measurements in the axial injection torch
,”
Spectrochim. Acta, Part B
57
,
1665
1680
(
2002
).
26.
Photodiode circuit design wizard, https://tools.analog.com/en/photodiode/; accessed 23 March 2022.
27.
D.
Campbell
,
R.
Gill
,
C.
Gowers
,
J.
Wesson
,
D.
Bartlett
,
C.
Best
,
S.
Coda
,
A.
Costley
,
A.
Edwards
,
S.
Kissel
,
R.
Niestadt
,
H.
Piekaar
,
R.
Prentice
,
R.
Ross
, and
B.
Tubbing
, “
Sawtooth activity in ohmically heated JET plasmas
,”
Nucl. Fusion
26
,
1085
(
1986
).
28.
I. G.
Stewart
,
J. W.
Brooks
,
J. P.
Levesque
,
M. E.
Mauel
, and
G. A.
Navratil
, “
Suppression of ITG turbulence due to spectral shift during biasing induced H-mode on HBT-EP
,”
Phys. Plasmas
28
,
052506
(
2021
).
29.
V. H.
Chaplin
,
M. R.
Brown
,
D. H.
Cohen
,
T.
Gray
, and
C. D.
Cothran
, “
Spectroscopic measurements of temperature and plasma impurity concentration during magnetic reconnection at the Swarthmore Spheromak Experiment
,”
Phys. Plasmas
16
,
042505
(
2009
).
30.
R.
Pitts
,
G.
McCracken
, and
G.
Matthews
, “
Measuring impurity ion energy and charge state distributions in the tokamak plasma boundary
,”
J. Nucl. Mater.
162–164
,
568
573
(
1989
).
31.
H.
Kubo
,
T.
Sugie
,
M.
Shimada
,
N.
Hosogane
,
A.
Sakasai
,
S.
Tsuji
,
K.
Itami
,
N.
Asakura
, and
K.
Shimizu
, “
Study of impurity and radiative losses in divertor plasmas with absolutely calibrated VUV spectrometers in JT-60U
,”
Nucl. Fusion
33
,
1427
(
1993
).
32.
C.
Fa-Yin
and
S.
Bing-Ren
, “
Study of impurity behaviour in non-coronal equilibrium state
,”
Chin. Phys.
16
,
3458
(
2007
).
33.
L. M.
Reusch
,
D. J.
Den Hartog
,
P.
Franz
,
J.
Goetz
,
M. B.
McGarry
, and
H. D.
Stephens
, “
Calibration of a two-color soft x-ray diagnostic for electron temperature measurement
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
87
,
11E332
(
2016
).
34.
M. B.
McGarry
,
P.
Franz
,
D. J. D.
Hartog
, and
J. A.
Goetz
, “
Effect of beryllium filter purity on x-ray emission measurements
,”
Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
56
,
125018
(
2014
).
35.
F. P.
Fehlner
and
N. F.
Mott
, “
Low-temperature oxidation
,”
Oxid. Met.
2
,
59
99
(
1970
).
36.
R. K.
Hart
and
U. R.
Evans
, “
The oxidation of aluminium in dry and humid oxygen atmospheres
,”
Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
236
,
68
88
(
1956
).
37.
V. K.
Agarwala
and
T.
Fort
, “
Nature of the stable oxide layer formed on an aluminum surface by work function measurements
,”
Surf. Sci.
54
,
60
70
(
1976
).
You do not currently have access to this content.