A new deuterium–tritium experimental, DTE2, campaign has been conducted at the Joint European Torus (JET) between August 2021 and late December 2021. Motivated by significant enhancements in the past decade at JET, such as the ITER-like wall and enhanced auxiliary heating power, the campaign achieved a new fusion energy world record and performed a broad range of fundamental experiments to inform ITER physics scenarios and operations. New capabilities in the area of fusion product measurements by nuclear diagnostics were available as a result of a decade long enhancement program. These have been tested for the first time in DTE2 and a concise overview is provided here. Confined alpha particle measurements by gamma-ray spectroscopy were successfully demonstrated, albeit with limitations at neutron rates higher than some 1017 n/s. High resolution neutron spectroscopy measurements with the magnetic proton recoil instrument were complemented by novel data from a set of synthetic diamond detectors, which enabled studies of the supra-thermal contributions to the neutron emission. In the area of escaping fast ion diagnostics, a lost fast ion detector and a set of Faraday cups made it possible to determine information on the velocity space and poloidal distribution of the lost alpha particles for the first time. This extensive set of data provides unique information for fundamental physics studies and validation of the numerical models, which are key to inform the physics and scenarios of ITER.
REFERENCES
1.
J.
Mailloux
, “Overview of JET results for optimising ITER operation
,” Nucl. Fusion
62
, 042026
(2022
).2.
E.
Joffrin
, S.
Abduallev
, M.
Abhangi
, P.
Abreu
, V.
Afanasev
, M.
Afzal
, K. M.
Aggarwal
, T.
Ahlgren
, L.
Aho-Mantila
, N.
Aiba
et al, “Overview of the JET preparation for deuterium–tritium operation with the ITER like-wall
,” Nucl. Fusion
59
(11
), 112021
(2019
).3.
J.
Figueiredo
, A.
Murari
, C.
Perez Von Thun
, D.
Marocco
, M.
Tardocchi
, F.
Belli
, M.
García Muñoz
, A.
Silva
, T.
Craciunescu
, P.
Blanchard
et al, “JET diagnostic enhancements testing and commissioning in preparation for DT scientific campaigns
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
89
(10
), 10K119
(2018
).4.
M.
Nocente
, Y. O.
Kazakov
, J.
Garcia
, V. G.
Kiptily
, J.
Ongena
, M.
Dreval
, M.
Fitzgerald
, S. E.
Sharapov
, Z.
Stancar
, H.
Weisen
et al, “Generation and observation of fast deuterium ions and fusion-born alpha particles in JET D–3He plasmas with the 3-ion radio-frequency heating scenario
,” Nucl. Fusion
60
(12
), 124006
(2020
).5.
V. G.
Kiptily
, F. E.
Cecil
, and S. S.
Medley
, “Gamma ray diagnostics of high temperature magnetically confined fusion plasmas
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
48
(8
), R59
(2006
).6.
M.
Nocente
, A. D.
Molin
, N.
Eidietis
, L.
Giacomelli
, G.
Gorini
, Y.
Kazakov
, E.
Khilkevitch
, V.
Kiptily
, M.
Iliasova
, A.
Lvovskiy
et al, “MeV range particle physics studies in tokamak plasmas using gamma-ray spectroscopy
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
62
(1
), 014015
(2019
).7.
M.
Salewski
, M.
Nocente
, B.
Madsen
, I.
Abramovic
, M.
Fitzgerald
, G.
Gorini
, P. C.
Hansen
, W. W.
Heidbrink
, A. S.
Jacobsen
, T.
Jensen
et al, “Alpha-particle velocity-space diagnostic in ITER
,” Nucl. Fusion
58
(9
), 096019
(2018
).8.
M.
Nocente
, M.
Tardocchi
, R.
Barnsley
, L.
Bertalot
, B.
Brichard
, G.
Croci
, G.
Brolatti
, L.
Di Pace
, A.
Fernandes
, L.
Giacomelli
et al, “Conceptual design of the radial gamma ray spectrometers system for α particle and runaway electron measurements at ITER
,” Nucl. Fusion
57
(7
), 076016
(2017
).9.
I. N.
Chugunov
, A. E.
Shevelev
, D. B.
Gin
, V. G.
Kiptily
, G.
Gorini
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Tardocchi
, D. N.
Doinikov
, V. O.
Naidenov
, and E. M.
Khilkevitch
, “Development of gamma-ray diagnostics for ITER
,” Nucl. Fusion
51
(8
), 083010
(2011
).10.
M.
Nocente
, M.
Tardocchi
, I.
Chugunov
, R. C.
Pereira
, T.
Edlington
, A. M.
Fernandes
, D.
Gin
, G.
Grosso
, V.
Kiptily
, A.
Murari
et al, “Energy resolution of gamma-ray spectroscopy of JET plasmas with a LaBr3 scintillator detector and digital data acquisition
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
81
(10
), 10D321
(2010
).11.
M.
Nocente
, T.
Craciunescu
, G.
Gorini
, V.
Kiptily
, M.
Tardocchi
, V.
Braic
, M.
Curuia
, A.
Dal Molin
, J.
Figueiredo
, L.
Giacomelli
et al, “A new tangential gamma-ray spectrometer for fast ion measurements in deuterium and deuterium–tritium plasmas of the Joint European Torus
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
92
(4
), 043537
(2021
).12.
M.
Curuia
, T.
Craciunescu
, S.
Soare
, V.
Zoita
, V.
Braic
, D.
Croft
, A.
Fernandes
, J.
Figueiredo
, V.
Goloborod’ko
, G.
Gorini
et al, “Upgrade of the tangential gamma-ray spectrometer beam-line for JET DT experiments
,” Fusion Eng. Des.
123
, 749
–753
(2017
).13.
M.
Nocente
, M.
Tardocchi
, A.
Olariu
, S.
Olariu
, R. C.
Pereira
, I. N.
Chugunov
, A.
Fernandes
, D. B.
Gin
, G.
Grosso
, V. G.
Kiptily
et al, “High resolution gamma ray spectroscopy at MHz counting rates with LaBr3 scintillators for fusion plasma applications
,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
60
(2
), 1408
–1415
(2013
).14.
G.
Marcer
et al, “A new dedicated signal processing system for gamma-ray spectrometers in high power DT plasmas scenarios in tokamaks
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum. (these proceedings)
.15.
A.
Shevelev
, E.
Khilkevitch
, M.
Iliasova
, M.
Nocente
, G.
Pautasso
, G.
Papp
, A. D.
Molin
, S. P.
Pandya
, V.
Plyusnin
, L.
Giacomelli
et al, “Study of runaway electron dynamics at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak during impurity injection using fast hard x-ray spectrometry
,” Nucl. Fusion
61
(11
), 116024
(2021
).16.
C.
Cazzaniga
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Tardocchi
, M.
Rebai
, M.
Pillon
, F.
Camera
, A.
Giaz
, L.
Pellegri
, and G.
Gorini
, “Response of LaBr3(Ce) scintillators to 14 MeV fusion neutrons
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
778
, 20
–25
(2015
).17.
F. E.
Cecil
and F. J.
Wilkinson
III, “Measurement of the ground-state gamma-ray branching ratio of the DT reaction at low energies
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
53
(8
), 767
(1984
).18.
Y.
Kim
, J. M.
Mack
, H. W.
Herrmann
, C. S.
Young
, G. M.
Hale
, S.
Caldwell
, N. M.
Hoffman
, S. C.
Evans
, T. J.
Sedillo
, A.
McEvoy
et al, “D-T gamma-to-neutron branching ratio determined from inertial confinement fusion plasmas
,” Phys. Plasmas
19
(5
), 056313
(2012
).19.
J.
Jeet
, A. B.
Zylstra
, M.
Rubery
, Y.
Kim
, K. D.
Meaney
, C.
Forrest
, V.
Glebov
, C. J.
Horsfield
, A. M.
McEvoy
, and H. W.
Herrmann
, “Inertial-confinement fusion-plasma-based cross-calibration of the deuterium-tritium γ-to-neutron branching ratio
,” Phys. Rev. C
104
(5
), 054611
(2021
).20.
O. N.
Jarvis
, “Neutron measurement techniques for tokamak plasmas
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
36
(2
), 209
(1994
).21.
M.
Salewski
, M.
Nocente
, G.
Gorini
, A. S.
Jacobsen
, V. G.
Kiptily
, S. B.
Korsholm
, F.
Leipold
, J.
Madsen
, D.
Moseev
, S. K.
Nielsen
et al, “Velocity-space observation regions of high-resolution two-step reaction gamma-ray spectroscopy
,” Nucl. Fusion
55
(9
), 093029
(2015
).22.
M.
Salewski
, M.
Nocente
, G.
Gorini
, A. S.
Jacobsen
, V. G.
Kiptily
, S. B.
Korsholm
, F.
Leipold
, J.
Madsen
, D.
Moseev
, S. K.
Nielsen
et al, “Fast-ion energy resolution by one-step reaction gamma-ray spectrometry
,” Nucl. Fusion
56
(4
), 046009
(2016
).23.
M.
Salewski
, M.
Nocente
, A. S.
Jacobsen
, F.
Binda
, C.
Cazzaniga
, G.
Ericsson
, J.
Eriksson
, G.
Gorini
, C.
Hellesen
, A.
Hjalmarsson
et al, “MeV-range velocity-space tomography from gamma-ray and neutron emission spectrometry measurements at JET
,” Nucl. Fusion
57
(5
), 056001
(2017
).24.
V.
Kiptily
, private communication
(2022
).25.
G.
Ericsson
, L.
Ballabio
, S.
Conroy
, J.
Frenje
, H.
Henriksson
, A.
Hjalmarsson
, J.
Källne
, and M.
Tardocchi
, “Neutron emission spectroscopy at JET—Results from the magnetic proton recoil spectrometer
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
72
(1
), 759
–766
(2001
).26.
E.
Andersson Sundén
, H.
Sjöstrand
, S.
Conroy
, G.
Ericsson
, M.
Gatu Johnson
, L.
Giacomelli
, C.
Hellesen
, A.
Hjalmarsson
, E.
Ronchi
, M.
Weiszflog
et al, “The thin-foil magnetic proton recoil neutron spectrometer MPRu at JET
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
610
(3
), 682
–699
(2009
).27.
C.
Cazzaniga
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Rebai
, M.
Tardocchi
, P.
Calvani
, G.
Croci
, L.
Giacomelli
, M.
Girolami
, E.
Griesmayer
, G.
Grosso
et al, “A diamond based neutron spectrometer for diagnostics of deuterium-tritium fusion plasmas
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
85
(11
), 11E101
(2014
).28.
A.
Muraro
, L.
Giacomelli
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Rebai
, D.
Rigamonti
, F.
Belli
, P.
Calvani
, J.
Figueiredo
, M.
Girolami
, G.
Gorini
et al, “First neutron spectroscopy measurements with a pixelated diamond detector at JET
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
87
(11
), 11D833
(2016
).29.
J.
Källne
, L.
Ballabio
, J.
Frenje
, S.
Conroy
, G.
Ericsson
, M.
Tardocchi
, E.
Traneus
, and G.
Gorini
, “Observation of the alpha particle ‘knock-on’ neutron emission from magnetically confined DT fusion plasmas
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
85
(6
), 1246
(2000
).30.
A. V.
Krasilnikov
, E. A.
Azizov
, A. L.
Roquemore
, V. S.
Khrunov
, and K. M.
Young
, “TFTR natural diamond detectors based D–T neutron spectrometry system
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
68
(1
), 553
–556
(1997
).31.
D.
Rigamonti
, L.
Giacomelli
, G.
Gorini
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Rebai
, M.
Tardocchi
, M.
Angelone
, P.
Batistoni
, A.
Cufar
, Z.
Ghani
et al, “Neutron spectroscopy measurements of 14 MeV neutrons at unprecedented energy resolution and implications for deuterium–tritium fusion plasma diagnostics
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
29
(4
), 045502
(2018
).32.
Y. O.
Kazakov
, J.
Ongena
, J. C.
Wright
, S. J.
Wukitch
, V.
Bobkov
, J.
Garcia
, V. G.
Kiptily
, M. J.
Mantsinen
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Schneider
et al, “Physics and applications of three-ion ICRF scenarios for fusion research
,” Phys. Plasmas
28
(2
), 020501
(2021
).33.
A. S.
Jacobsen
, M.
Salewski
, J.
Eriksson
, G.
Ericsson
, S. B.
Korsholm
, F.
Leipold
, S. K.
Nielsen
, J.
Rasmussen
, M.
Stejner
, and JET EFDA Contributors
, “Velocity-space sensitivity of neutron spectrometry measurements
,” Nucl. Fusion
55
(5
), 053013
(2015
).34.
A. S.
Jacobsen
, F.
Binda
, C.
Cazzaniga
, J.
Eriksson
, A.
Hjalmarsson
, M.
Nocente
, M.
Salewski
, G.
Tardini
, JET Contributors
, and ASDEX Upgrade Team
, “Velocity-space sensitivities of neutron emission spectrometers at the tokamaks JET and ASDEX Upgrade in deuterium plasmas
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
88
(7
), 073506
(2017
).35.
H.
Järleblad
, L.
Stagner
, M.
Salewski
, J.
Eriksson
, M.
Nocente
, J.
Rasmussen
, Z.
Stancar
, Y.
Kazakov
, and B.
Simmendefeldt
, “Fast-ion orbit sensitivity of neutron and gamma-ray diagnostics for one-step fusion reactions
” (to be published) (2022
).36.
J. F.
Rivero-Rodriguez
, C.
Perez Von Thun
, M.
Garcia-Muñoz
, P.
Beaumont
, V.
Kiptily
, J.
Garcia-Lopez
, V.
Goloborodko
, M. C.
Jimenez-Ramos
, M.
Rodriguez-Ramos
, K.
Schoepf
, and V.
Yavorskij
, “Upgrade and absolute calibration of the JET scintillator-based fast-ion loss detector
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
92
(4
), 043553
(2021
).37.
D. S.
Darrow
, S.
Bäumel
, F. E.
Cecil
, V.
Kiptily
, R.
Ellis
, L.
Pedrick
, and A.
Werner
, “Design and construction of a fast ion loss faraday cup array diagnostic for joint european torus
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
75
(10
), 3566
–3568
(2004
).38.
P. J.
Bonofiglo
, V.
Kiptily
, A.
Horton
, P.
Beaumont
, R.
Ellis
, F. E.
Cecil
, M.
Podesta
, and JET Contributors
, “Improvements to the faraday cup fast ion loss detector and magnetohydrodynamic induced fast ion loss measurements in joint european torus plasmas
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
91
(9
), 093502
(2020
).39.
M.
García-Muñoz
, H.-U.
Fahrbach
, H.
Zohm
, and ASDEX Upgrade Team
, “Scintillator based detector for fast-ion losses induced by magnetohydrodynamic instabilities in the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
80
(5
), 053503
(2009
).© 2022 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
