We demonstrate three-dimensional velocity map imaging of low energy electrons using a TPX3CAM, where the three-dimensional momentum information [px, py, pz] is encoded in position and timing [x, y, t] of hits on the camera sensor. We make use of the camera sensor for the [x, y] information and a constant fraction discriminator and fast time to digital converter in the camera for the time information. We illustrate the capabilities of our apparatus by presenting above threshold ionization measurements of xenon, which produces well defined structures in the momentum resolved photoelectron yield.
REFERENCES
1.
A.
Zhao
, M.
van Beuzekom
, B.
Bouwens
, D.
Byelov
, I.
Chakaberia
, C.
Cheng
, E.
Maddox
, A.
Nomerotski
, P.
Svihra
, J.
Visser
, V.
Vrba
, and T.
Weinacht
, “Coincidence velocity map imaging using Tpx3Cam, a time stamping optical camera with 1.5 ns timing resolution
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
88
(11
), 113104
(2017
).2.
D. W.
Chandler
and P. L.
Houston
, “Two-dimensional imaging of state-selected photodissociation products detected by multiphoton ionization
,” J. Chem. Phys.
87
(2
), 1445
–1447
(1987
).3.
A. T. J. B.
Eppink
and D. H.
Parker
, “Velocity map imaging of ions and electrons using electrostatic lenses: Application in photoelectron and photofragment ion imaging of molecular oxygen
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
68
(9
), 3477
–3484
(1997
).4.
J.
Ullrich
, R.
Moshammer
, A.
Dorn
, R.
Dörner
, L. P. H.
Schmidt
, and H.
Schmidt-Böcking
, “Recoil-ion and electron momentum spectroscopy: Reaction-microscopes
,” Rep. Prog. Phys.
66
, 1463
–1545
(2003
).5.
A.
Vredenborg
, W. G.
Roeterdink
, and M. H. M.
Janssen
, “A photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging apparatus for femtosecond time-resolved molecular dynamics with electron time-of-flight resolution of σ = 18 ps and energy resolution δe/e = 3.5%
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
79
(6
), 063108
(2008
).6.
T.
Weinacht
and B. J.
Pearson
, Time-Resolved Spectroscopy: An Experimental Perspective
(CRC Press
, 2019
).7.
A.
Stolow
, A. E.
Bragg
, and D. M.
Neumark
, “Femtosecond time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy
,” Chem. Rev.
104
(4
), 1719
–1758
(2004
).8.
Y.
Liu
, T.
Rozgonyi
, P.
Marquetand
, and T.
Weinacht
, “Excited-state dynamics of CH2I2 and CH2IBr studied with UV-pump VUV-probe momentum-resolved photoion spectroscopy
,” J. Chem. Phys.
153
(18
), 184304
(2020
).9.
S. L.
Horton
, Y.
Liu
, R.
Forbes
, V.
Makhija
, R.
Lausten
, A.
Stolow
, P.
Hockett
, P.
Marquetand
, T.
Rozgonyi
, and T.
Weinacht
, “Excited state dynamics of CH2I2 and CH2BrI studied with UV pump VUV probe photoelectron spectroscopy
,” J. Chem. Phys.
150
(17
), 174201
(2019
).10.
C. I.
Blaga
, J.
Xu
, A. D.
DiChiara
, E.
Sistrunk
, K.
Zhang
, P.
Agostini
, T. A.
Miller
, L. F.
DiMauro
, and C. D.
Lin
, “Imaging ultrafast molecular dynamics with laser-induced electron diffraction
,” Nature
483
, 194
–197
(2012
).11.
T.
Zuo
, A.
Bandrauk
, and P.
Corkum
, “Laser-induced electron diffraction: A new tool for probing ultrafast molecular dynamics
,” Chem. Phys. Lett.
259
(3
), 313
–320
(1996
).12.
C. R.
Gebhardt
, T. P.
Rakitzis
, P. C.
Samartzis
, V.
Ladopoulos
, and T. N.
Kitsopoulos
, “Slice imaging: A new approach to ion imaging and velocity mapping
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
72
(10
), 3848
–3853
(2001
).13.
D.
Townsend
, M. P.
Minitti
, and A. G.
Suits
, “Direct current slice imaging
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
74
(4
), 2530
–2539
(2003
).14.
D. A.
Chestakov
, S.-M.
Wu
, G.
Wu
, D. H.
Parker
, A. T. J. B.
Eppink
, and T. N.
Kitsopoulos
, “Slicing using a conventional velocity map imaging setup: O2, I2, and I2+ photodissociation
,” J. Phys. Chem. A
108
(39
), 8100
–8105
(2004
).15.
D. D.
Hickstein
, S. T.
Gibson
, R.
Yurchak
, D. D.
Das
, and M.
Ryazanov
, “A direct comparison of high-speed methods for the numerical Abel transform
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
90
(6
), 065115
(2019
).16.
S. K.
Lee
, Y. F.
Lin
, S.
Lingenfelter
, L.
Fan
, A. H.
Winney
, and W.
Li
, “Communication: Time- and space-sliced velocity map electron imaging
,” J. Chem. Phys.
141
(22
), 221101
(2014
).17.
18.
A.
Nomerotski
, “Imaging and time stamping of photons with nanosecond resolution in Timepix based optical cameras
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
937
, 26
–30
(2019
).19.
J.
Ullrich
, R.
Moshammer
, R.
Dörner
, O.
Jagutzki
, V.
Mergel
, H.
Schmidt-Böcking
, and L.
Spielberger
, “Recoil-ion momentum spectroscopy
,” J. Phys. B: At., Mol. Opt. Phys.
30
(13
), 2917
(1997
).20.
R.
Dörner
, V.
Mergel
, O.
Jagutzki
, L.
Spielberger
, J.
Ullrich
, R.
Moshammer
, and H.
Schmidt-Böcking
, “Cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy: A ‘momentum microscope’ to view atomic collision dynamics
,” Phys. Rep.
330
, 95
(2000
).21.
T.
Poikela
, J.
Plosila
, T.
Westerlund
, M.
Campbell
, M. D.
Gaspari
, X.
Llopart
, V.
Gromov
, R.
Kluit
, M.
van Beuzekom
, F.
Zappon
, V.
Zivkovic
, C.
Brezina
, K.
Desch
, Y.
Fu
, and A.
Kruth
, “Timepix3: A 65K channel hybrid pixel readout chip with simultaneous ToA/ToT and sparse readout
,” J. Instrum.
9
(05
), C05013
(2014
).22.
X.
Llopart
, “The Timepix4 chip and its design approach
,” in The 28th International Workshop on Vertex Detectors
(Sissa Medialab
, 2019
), Vol. 13–18, p. 18
.23.
A.
Zhao
, P.
Sándor
, and T.
Weinacht
, “Coincidence velocity map imaging using a single detector
,” J. Chem. Phys.
147
(1
), 013922
(2017
).24.
K.
Fehre
, D.
Trojanowskaja
, J.
Gatzke
, M.
Kunitski
, F.
Trinter
, S.
Zeller
, L. P. H.
Schmidt
, J.
Stohner
, R.
Berger
, A.
Czasch
et al., “Absolute ion detection efficiencies of microchannel plates and funnel microchannel plates for multi-coincidence detection
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
89
(4
), 045112
(2018
).25.
K. J.
Schafer
, B.
Yang
, L. F.
DiMauro
, and K. C.
Kulander
, “Above threshold ionization beyond the high harmonic cutoff
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
70
(11
), 1599
(1993
).26.
J. L.
Wiza
et al., “Microchannel plate detectors
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods
162
(1–3
), 587
–601
(1979
).27.
N. G.
Kling
, D.
Paul
, A.
Gura
, G.
Laurent
, S.
De
, H.
Li
, Z.
Wang
, B.
Ahn
, C. H.
Kim
, T. K.
Kim
, I. V.
Litvinyuk
, C. L.
Cocke
, I.
Ben-Itzhak
, D.
Kim
, and M. F.
Kling
, “Thick-lens velocity-map imaging spectrometer with high resolution for high-energy charged particles
,” IOP Sci.
9
, P05005
(2014
).© 2022 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.