The widespread diffusion of low-cost but high-performance hardware is enhancing the realization of scientific equipment with features at the research laboratory level. In this paper, we demonstrate hardware implementation of a surface plasmon resonance compact device with high accuracy and measurement times appropriate for many applications. Image acquisition is realized by a Raspberry Pi single board computer with a camera module, and a Python code is used to process data. A flexible optical setup can work in two different configurations, namely, the inspection mode and angle resolved measurement mode. The inspection mode is used to precisely locate the light-emitting diode interrogation beam on the sample, avoiding uneven or faulty regions. The measurement mode allows us to monitor in real time the position of the minimum reflectivity with subpixel resolution. Performance tests show a resolution in the bulk refractive index of 4.9 × 10−6 refractive index units for 10 s acquisition time.

1.
J.
Homola
,
S. S.
Yee
, and
G.
Gauglitz
, “
Surface plasmon resonance sensors
,”
Sens. Actuators, B
54
,
3
15
(
1999
).
2.
R. B.
Schasfoort
,
Handbook of Surface Plasmon Resonance
(
Royal Society of Chemistry
,
2017
).
3.
T. M.
Chinowsky
,
S. D.
Soelberg
,
P.
Baker
,
N. R.
Swanson
,
P.
Kauffman
,
A.
Mactutis
,
M. S.
Grow
,
R.
Atmar
,
S. S.
Yee
, and
C. E.
Furlong
, “
Portable 24-analyte surface plasmon resonance instruments for rapid, versatile biodetection
,”
Biosens. Bioelectron.
22
,
2268
2275
(
2007
).
4.
C.
Lertvachirapaiboon
,
A.
Baba
,
K.
Shinbo
, and
K.
Kato
, “
A smartphone-based surface plasmon resonance platform
,”
Anal. Methods
10
,
4732
4740
(
2018
).
5.
H.
Guner
,
E.
Ozgur
,
G.
Kokturk
,
M.
Celik
,
E.
Esen
,
A. E.
Topal
,
S.
Ayas
,
Y.
Uludag
,
C.
Elbuken
, and
A.
Dana
, “
A smartphone based surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) platform for on-site biodetection
,”
Sens. Actuators, B
239
,
571
577
(
2017
).
6.
M. A.
Pagnutti
,
R. E.
Ryan
,
G. J.
Cazenavette
,
M. J.
Gold
,
R.
Harlan
,
E.
Leggett
, and
J. F.
Pagnutti
, “
Laying the foundation to use raspberry Pi 3 V2 camera module imagery for scientific and engineering purposes
,”
J. Electron. Imaging
26
,
013014
(
2017
).
7.
V. P.
Desai
and
A.
Bavarva
, “
Image processing method for embedded optical peanut sorting
,”
Int. J. Image, Graphics Signal Process.
8
,
20
(
2016
).
8.
N. M.
Zainee
and
K.
Chellappan
, “
Emergency clinic multi-sensor continuous monitoring prototype using e-health platform
,” in
2014 IEEE Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Sciences (IECBES)
(
IEEE
,
2014
), pp.
32
37
.
9.
S.
Prasad
,
P.
Mahalakshmi
,
A. J. C.
Sunder
, and
R.
Swathi
, “
Smart surveillance monitoring system using raspberry PI and PIR sensor
,”
Int. J. Comput. Sci. Inf. Technol
5
,
7107
7109
(
2014
); available at http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.658.6805&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
10.
L.
Chapman
,
C.
Gray
, and
C.
Headleand
, “
A sense-think-act architecture for low-cost mobile robotics
,” in
International Conference on Innovative Techniques and Applications of Artificial Intelligence
(
Springer
,
2015
), pp.
405
410
.
11.
J.
Keaveney
, “
Automated translating beam profiler for in situ laser beam spot-size and focal position measurements
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
89
,
035114
(
2018
).
12.
C.
Underwood
,
S.
Pellegrino
,
V. J.
Lappas
,
C. P.
Bridges
, and
J.
Baker
, “
Using cubesat/micro-satellite technology to demonstrate the autonomous assembly of a reconfigurable space telescope (AAReST)
,”
Acta Astronaut.
114
,
112
122
(
2015
).
13.
J. P.
Sharkey
,
D. C.
Foo
,
A.
Kabla
,
J. J.
Baumberg
, and
R. W.
Bowman
, “
A one-piece 3D printed flexure translation stage for open-source microscopy
,”
Rev. Sci. Instrum.
87
,
025104
(
2016
).
14.
M.
Piliarik
and
J.
Homola
, “
Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors: Approaching their limits?
,”
Opt. Express
17
,
16505
16517
(
2009
).
15.
G.
Margheri
,
E.
Giorgetti
,
P.
Marsili
,
A.
Zoppi
,
L.
Lascialfari
, and
S.
Cicchi
, “
Metal-clad optical waveguide fluorescence device for the detection of heavy metal ions
,”
Opt. Eng.
53
,
071816
(
2014
).
16.
Q.
Zaman
,
J.
Souza
,
O.
Pandoli
,
K. Q.
Costa
,
V.
Dmitriev
,
D.
Fulvio
,
M.
Cremona
,
R. Q.
Aucelio
,
G.
Fontes
, and
T.
Del Rosso
, “
Two-color surface plasmon resonance nanosizer for gold nanoparticles
,”
Opt. Express
27
,
3200
3216
(
2019
).
17.
T.
Del Rosso
,
Q.
Zaman
,
M.
Cremona
,
O.
Pandoli
, and
A.
Barreto
, “
SPR sensors for monitoring the degradation processes of Eu(dbm)3(phen) and Alq3 thin films under atmospheric and UVA exposure
,”
Appl. Surf. Sci.
442
,
759
766
(
2018
).
18.
J.
Kochana
,
K.
Starzec
,
M.
Wieczorek
,
P.
Knihnicki
,
M.
Góra
,
A.
Rokicińska
,
P.
Kościelniak
, and
P.
Kuśtrowski
, “
Study on self-assembled monolayer of functionalized thiol on gold electrode forming capacitive sensor for chromium (VI) determination
,”
J. Solid State Electrochem.
23
,
1463
(
2019
).
19.
G.
Wang
,
C.
Wang
,
R.
Yang
,
W.
Liu
, and
S.
Sun
, “
A sensitive and stable surface plasmon resonance sensor based on monolayer protected silver film
,”
Sensors
17
,
2777
(
2017
).
20.
D. H.
Kim
,
J. G.
No
,
H.
Masahiko
, and
H. W.
Lee
, “
An adsorption process study on the self-assembled monolayer formation of octadecanethiol chemisorged on gold surface
,”
Bull. Korean Chem. Soc.
22
,
276
280
(
2001
); available at http://www.koreascience.or.kr/article/JAKO200113464478315.page.
21.
S.
Berchmans
,
V.
Yegnaraman
, and
G. P.
Rao
, “
Characteristics of redox systems on self-assembled monolayer-covered electrodes
,” in
Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences-Chemical Sciences
(
Springer
,
1997
), Vol. 109, pp.
277
287
.
22.
M.
Flanagan
and
R.
Pantell
, “
Surface plasmon resonance and immunosensors
,”
Electron. Lett.
20
,
968
970
(
1984
).
23.
V.
Devanarayanan
,
V.
Manjuladevi
,
M.
Poonia
,
R.
Gupta
,
S. K.
Gupta
, and
J.
Akhtar
, “
Measurement of optical anisotropy in ultrathin films using surface plasmon resonance
,”
J. Mol. Struct.
1103
,
281
285
(
2016
).
24.
J.
Homola
, “
Surface plasmon resonance sensors for detection of chemical and biological species
,”
Chem. Rev.
108
,
462
493
(
2008
).
25.
T.
Tumolo
,
L.
Angnes
, and
M. S.
Baptista
, “
Determination of the refractive index increment (dn/dc) of molecule and macromolecule solutions by surface plasmon resonance
,”
Anal. Biochem.
333
,
273
279
(
2004
).
26.
K. A.
Tomyshev
,
D. K.
Tazhetdinova
,
E. S.
Manuilovich
, and
O. V.
Butov
, “
High-resolution fiber optic surface plasmon resonance sensor for biomedical applications
,”
J. Appl. Phys.
124
,
113106
(
2018
).
27.
C.-M.
Wu
and
M.-C.
Pao
, “
Sensitivity-tunable optical sensors based on surface plasmon resonance and phase detection
,”
Opt. Express
12
,
3509
3514
(
2004
).
You do not currently have access to this content.