In this work, we present a commercial CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) Raspberry Pi camera implemented as a Near-Infrared detector for both spatial and temporal characterization of femtosecond pulses delivered from a femtosecond Erbium Doped Fiber laser (fs-EDFL) @ 1.55 µm, based on the Two Photon Absorption (TPA) process. The capacity of the device was assessed by measuring the spatial beam profile of the fs-EDFL and comparing the experimental results with the theoretical Fresnel diffraction pattern. We also demonstrate the potential of the CMOS Raspberry Pi camera as a wavefront sensor through its a nonlinear response in a Shack-Hartmann array and for the temporal characterization of the femtosecond pulses delivered from the fs-EDFL through TPA Intensity autocorrelation measurements. The direct pulse detection and measurement, through the nonlinear response with a CMOS, is proposed as a novel and affordable high-resolution and high-sensitivity alternative to costly detectors such as CCDs, wavefront sensors and beam profilers @ 1.55 µm. The measured fluence threshold, down to 17.5 µJ/cm2, and pJ/pulse energy response represents the lowest reported values applied as a beam profiler and a TPA Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor, to our knowledge.
REFERENCES
1.
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
, Infrared detectors, 2017
.2.
Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.
, Characteristics and use of infrared detectors, 2011
.3.
A.
Richards
, Infrared spectral selection: It begins with the detector, FLIR Systems, Commercial Vision Systems.4.
R. V.
Shack
and B. C.
Platt
, “Production and use of a lenticular Hartmann screen
,” in Program of the 1971 Spring Meeting of the Optical Society of America
[J. Opt. Soc. Am.
61
, 656
(1971
)], paper MG23.5.
B. C.
Platt
and R.
Shack
, “History and principles of Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing
,” J. Refractive Surg.
17
, S573
(2001
).6.
F. M.
Dickey
, Laser Beam Shaping: Theory and Techniques
, 2nd ed. (CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group LLC
, 2014
).7.
J.
Zapata-Farfan
, J.
Garduno-Mejia
, M.
Rosete-Aguilar
, G.
Ascanio
, and C. J.
Roman-Moreno
, “A high resolution hand-held focused beam profiler
,” Proc. SPIE
10231
, 102311F
(2017
).8.
OmniVision, 5 Megapixel image sensor, OV5647 datasheet, V1.0,
2009
.9.
See https://www.thorlabs.com for CCD camera beam profiler; accessed 21 March 2019.
10.
See https://www.ophiropt.com for phosphor- coated beam profiling CCD camera; accessed 21 March 2019.
11.
See https://www.gentec-eo.com for phosphor-coated laser beam profiling CMOS cameras for IR; accessed 21 March 2019.
12.
M.
Rutkauskas
, D. T.
Reid
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, and M.
Rosete-Aguilar
, “Time-domain measurements reveal spatial aberrations in a sub-surface two-photon microscope
,” Appl. Opt.
56
, 5047
(2017
).13.
P.
Castro-Marín
, G.
Castro-Olvera
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, M.
Rosete-Aguilar
, N. C.
Bruce
, D. T.
Reid
, and O. G.
Rodríguez-Herrera
, “Autocorrelation z-scan technique for measuring the spatial and temporal distribution of femtosecond pulses in the focal region of lenses
,” Opt. Express
25
, 14473
(2017
).14.
M.
Rumi
and J. W.
Perry
, “Two-photon absorption: An overview of measurements and principles
,” Adv. Opt. Photonics
2
, 451
(2010
).15.
D. T.
Reid
, W.
Sibbett
, J. M.
Dudley
, L. P.
Barry
, B.
Thomsen
, and J. D.
Harvey
, “Commercial semiconductor devices for two photon absorption autocorrelation of ultrashort light pulses
,” Appl. Opt.
37
, 8142
(1998
).16.
K.
Shao
, A.
Morisset
, V.
Pouget
, E.
Faraud
, C.
Larue
, D.
Lewis
, and D.
McMorrow
, “3D knife-edge characterization of two-photon absorption volume in silicon for integrated circuit testing
,” Opt. Express
19
, 22594
(2011
).17.
M.
Miranda
, M.
Kotur
, P.
Rudawski
, Ch.
Guo
, A.
Harth
, A.
L’Huillier
, and C. L.
Arnold
, “Spatiotemporal characterization of ultrashort laser pulses using spatially resolved Fourier transform spectrometry
,” Opt. Lett.
39
, 5142
(2014
).18.
L. J.
Richter
, T. P.
Petralli-Mallow
, and J. C.
Stephenson
, “Vibrationally resolved sum-frequency generation with broad-bandwidth infrared pulses
,” Opt. Lett.
23
, 1594
(1998
).19.
K. A.
Briggman
, L. J.
Richter
, and J. C.
Stephenson
, “Imaging and autocorrelation of ultrafast infrared laser pulses in the 3–11-μm range with silicon CCD cameras and photodiodes
,” Opt. Lett.
26
, 238
, (2001
).20.
Y.
Takagi
, T.
Kobayashi
, and K.
Yoshihara
, “Multiple- and single-shot autocorrelator based on two-photon conductivity in semiconductors
,” Opt. Lett.
17
, 658
(1992
).21.
F.
Xia
, D.
Sinefeld
, B.
Li
, and Ch.
Xu
, “Two-photon Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor
,” Opt. Lett.
42
, 1141
(2017
).22.
M. H.
Bartholomeus
, C.
Smith
, W. H.
Maes
et al, “X-ray imaging system, x-ray sensor, and method for manufacturing an x-ray sensor
,” patent US20180203138A1 (July 19, 2018
).23.
C.
Scott
, S.
Abbaszadeh
, S.
Ghanbarzadeh
et al., “Amorphous selenium direct detection CMOS digital x-ray imager with 25 micron pixel pitch
,” Proc. SPIE
9033
, 90331G-1
(2014
).24.
L.
Ka-Meng
, M.
Pui-In
et al, Handheld Total Chemical and Biological Analysis Systems, Digital Microfluidics and Semiconductors
(Springer
, 2017
).25.
O.
Wada
, “Femtosecond all-optical devices for ultrafast communication and signal processing
,” New J. Phys.
6
, 183
(2004
).26.
X.
Liu
, D.
Han
, Z.
Sun
, C.
Zeng
, H.
Lu
, D.
Mao
, Y.
Cui
, and F.
Wang
, “Versatile multi-wavelength ultrafast fiber laser mode-locked by carbon nanotubes
,” Sci. Rep.
3
, 2718
(2013
).27.
W.
Sibbett
, A. A.
Lagatsky
, and C. T. A.
Brown
, “The development and application of femtosecond laser systems
,” Opt. Express
20
, 6989
(2012
).28.
T.
Hellerer
, A. M. K.
Enejder
, and A.
Zumbusch
, “Spectral focusing: High spectral resolution spectroscopy with broad-bandwidth laser pulses
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
85
, 25
(2004
).29.
I.
Rocha-Mendoza
, W.
Langbein
, and P.
Borri
, “Coherent anti-Stokes Raman microspectroscopy using spectral focusing with glass dispersion
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
93
, 201103
(2008
).30.
H.
Hundertmark
, D.
Kracht
, D.
Wandt
, and C.
Fallnich
, “Supercontinuum generation with 200 pJ laser pulses in an extruded SF6 fiber at 1560 nm
,” Opt. Express
11
, 3196
(2003
).31.
J. W.
Nicholson
, A. D.
Yablon
, P. S.
Westbrook
, K. S.
Feder
, and M. F.
Yan
, “High power, single mode, all-fiber source of femtosecond pulses at 1550 nm and its use in supercontinuum generation
,” Opt. Express
12
, 3025
(2004
).32.
S.
Droste
, G.
Ycas
, B. R.
Washburn
, I.
Coddington
, and N. R.
Newbury
, “Optical frequency comb generation based on erbium fiber lasers
,” Nanophotonics
5
, 196
(2016
).33.
J.
Hecht
, “Fiber lasers bring femtoseconds to the masses
,” Laser Focus World, https://www.laserfocusworld.com/articles/2010/01/fiber-lasers-bring.html.34.
35.
Dragonfly 3.6 software, Object Research Systems, Montreal Canada.
36.
P.
Castro-Marín
, G.
Kapellmann-Zafra
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, M.
Rosete-Aguilar
, and C. J.
Román-Moreno
, “Webcam autofocus mechanism used as a delay line for the characterization of femtosecond pulses
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
86
, 085114
(2015
).37.
F. C.
Estrada-Silva
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, M.
Rosete-Aguilar
, C. J.
Román-Moreno
, and R.
Ortega-Martínez
, “Aberration effects on femtosecond pulses generated by nonideal achromatic doublets
,” Appl. Opt.
48
, 4723
(2009
).38.
M. A.
González-Galicia
, M.
Rosete Aguilar
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, N. C.
Bruce
, and R.
Ortega Martínez
, “Effects of primary spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature on the focusing of ultrashort pulses: Homogenous illumination
,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
28
, 1979
(2011
).39.
M. A.
González-Galicia
, M.
Rosete Aguilar
, J.
Garduño-Mejía
, N. C.
Bruce
, and R.
Ortega Martínez
, “Effects of primary spherical aberration, coma, astigmatism and field curvature on the focusing of ultrashort pulses: Gaussian illumination and experiment
,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
28
, 1990
(2011
).© 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
