A sub-pixel 16 bit charge coupled device camera featuring superresolution for the soft X-ray regime is presented. Superresolution images (SRIs) are reconstructed from a set of 4 × 4 individual low-resolution images that are recorded for different sub-pixel shifts of the detector. SRIs have a 1.3 times higher resolution than individual low-resolution images which is close to the maximum achievable enhancement factor of about 1.5 in the X-ray regime under ideal conditions. To characterize this camera and demonstrate its potential, an X-ray microscope setup is used to image different objects at different photon energies.
REFERENCES
1.
H.
Legall
, G.
Blobel
, H.
Stiel
, W.
Sandner
, C.
Seim
, P.
Takman
, D. H.
Martz
, M.
Selin
, U.
Vogt
, H. M.
Hertz
, D.
Esser
, H.
Sipma
, J.
Luttmann
, M.
Höfer
, H. D.
Hoffmann
, S.
Yulin
, T.
Feigl
, S.
Rehbein
, P.
Guttmann
, G.
Schneider
, U.
Wiesemann
, M.
Wirtz
, and W.
Diete
, “Compact X-ray microscope for the water window based on a high brightness laser plasma source
,” Opt. Express
20
, 018362
(2012
).2.
G.
Schneider
, P.
Guttmann
, S.
Heim
, S.
Rehbein
, F.
Mueller
, K.
Nagashima
, J. B.
Heymann
, W. G.
Müller
, and J. G.
McNally
, “Three-dimensional cellular ultrastructure resolved by X-ray microscopy
,” Nat. Methods
7
, 985
(2010
).3.
S.
Schaffert
, B.
Pfau
, J.
Geilhufe
, C. M.
Günther
, M.
Schneider
, C.
von Korff Schmising
, and S.
Eisebitt
, “High-resolution magnetic-domain imaging by Fourier transform holography at 21 nm wavelength
,” New J. Phys.
15
, 093042
(2013
).4.
A. M.
Maiden
, G. R.
Morrison
, B.
Kaulich
, A.
Gianoncelli
, and J. M.
Rodenburg
, “Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy using ptychography with randomly phased illumination
,” Nat. Commun.
4
, 1669
(2013
).5.
S.
Bajt
, H. N.
Chapman
, E. A.
Spiller
, J. B.
Alarmeda
, B. W.
Woods
, M.
Frank
, M. J.
Bogan
, A.
Barty
, S.
Boutet
, S.
Marchesini
, S. P.
Hau-Riege
, J.
Hajdu
, and D.
Shapiro
, “Camera for coherent diffractive imaging and holography with a soft-X-ray free-electron laser
,” Appl. Opt.
47
, 1673
(2008
).6.
F.
Scholze
, H.
Rabus
, and G.
Ulm
, “Mean energy required to produce an electron-hole pair in silicon for photons of energies between 50 and 1500 eV
,” J. Appl. Phys.
84
, 2926
(1998
).7.
A. W.
Lohmann
, R. G.
Dorsch
, D.
Mendlovic
, Z.
Zalevsky
, and C.
Ferreira
, “Space-bandwidth product of optical signals and systems
,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A
13
, 470
(1996
).8.
H.
Wang
, Z.
Göröcs
, W.
Luo
, Y.
Zhang
, Y.
Rivenson
, L. A.
Bentolila
, and A.
Ozcan
, “Computational out-of-focus imaging increases the space-bandwidth product in lens-based coherent microscopy
,” Optica
3
, 1422
(2016
).9.
F.
Pfeiffer
, “X-ray ptychography
,” Nat. Photonics
12
, 9
(2018
).10.
C. L.
Porter
, M.
Tanksalvala
, M.
Gerrity
, G.
Miley
, X.
Zhang
, C.
Bevis
, E.
Shanblatt
, R.
Karl
, M. M.
Murnane
, D. E.
Adams
, and H. C.
Kapteyn
, “General-purpose, wide field-of-view reflection imaging with a tabletop 13 nm light source
,” Optica
4
, 1552
(2017
).11.
D.
Claus
and J. M.
Rodenburg
, “Pixel size adjustment in coherent diffractive imaging within the Rayleigh-Sommerfeld regime
,” Appl. Opt.
54
, 1936
(2015
).12.
M. R.
Soman
, D. J.
Hall
, J. H.
Tutt
, N. J.
Murray
, A. D.
Holland
, T.
Schmitt
, J.
Raabe
, and B.
Schmitt
, “Developing a CCD camera with high spatial resolution for RIXS in the soft X-ray range
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
731
, 47
(2013
).13.
D. J.
Hall
, M.
Soman
, J.
Tutt
, N.
Murray
, A.
Holland
, T.
Schmitt
, J.
Raabe
, V. N.
Strocov
, and B.
Schmitt
, “Improving the resolution in soft X-ray emission spectrometers through photon-counting using an electron multiplying CCD
,” J. Instrum.
7
, C01063
(2012
).14.
I.
Moody
, M.
Watkins
, R.
Bell
, M.
Soman
, J.
Keelan
, and A.
Holland
, “CCD QE in the soft X-ray range
,” e2v Technologies
, 2017
.15.
S.
Borman
and R.
Stevenson
, “Spatial resolution enhancement of low-resolution image sequences—A comprehensive review with directions for future research
,” Laboratory for Image and Signal Analysis (LISA), University of Notre Dame
, Notre Dame, IN, USA
, 1998
.16.
P.
Vandewalle
, S.
Süsstrunk
, and M.
Vetterli
, “A frequency domain approach to registration of aliased images with application to super-resolution
,” EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.
2006
, 071459
–072006
.17.
Z.
Lin
and H.-Y.
Shum
, “Fundamental limits of reconstruction-based superresolution algorithms under local translation
,” IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell.
26
, 83
(2004
).18.
M.
Zürch
, R.
Jung
, C.
Späth
, J.
Tümmler
, A.
Guggenmos
, D.
Attwood
, U.
Kleineberg
, H.
Stiel
, and C.
Spielmann
, “Transverse coherence limited coherent diffractive imaging using a molybdenum soft X-ray laser pumped at moderate pump energies
,” Sci. Rep.
7
, 5314
(2017
).© 2019 Author(s).
2019
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.