A state-of-the-art experimental setup for soft X-ray photo- and Auger-electron spectroscopy from liquid phase has been built for operation at the synchrotron-light facility BESSY II, Berlin. The experimental station is named SOL3, which is derived from solid, solution, and solar, and refers to the aim of studying solid–liquid interfaces, optionally irradiated by photons in the solar spectrum. SOL3 is equipped with a high-transmission hemispherical electron analyzer for detecting electrons emitted from small molecular aggregates, nanoparticles, or biochemical molecules and their components in (aqueous) solutions, either in vacuum or in an ambient pressure environment. In addition to conventional energy-resolved electron detection, SOL3 enables detection of electron angular distributions by the combination of a ±11° acceptance angle of the electron analyzer and a rotation of the analyzer in the polarization plane of the incoming synchrotron-light beam. The present manuscript describes the technical features of SOL3, and we also report the very first measurements of soft-X-ray photoemission spectra from a liquid microjet of neat liquid water and of TiO2-nanoparticle aqueous solution obtained with this new setup, highlighting the necessity for state-of-the-art electron detection.
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July 2017
Research Article|
July 31 2017
Advances in liquid phase soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy: A new experimental setup at BESSY II
Robert Seidel;
Robert Seidel
a)
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development
, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Marvin N. Pohl;
Marvin N. Pohl
b)
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development
, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
2
Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin
, Arnimallee 14, D-14159 Berlin, Germany
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Hebatallah Ali;
Hebatallah Ali
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development
, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
2
Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin
, Arnimallee 14, D-14159 Berlin, Germany
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Bernd Winter;
Bernd Winter
b)
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development
, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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Emad F. Aziz
Emad F. Aziz
a)
1
Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Methods for Material Development
, Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
2
Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin
, Arnimallee 14, D-14159 Berlin, Germany
3
School of Chemistry, Monash University
, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
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a)
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: robert.seidel@helmholtz-berlin.de and emad.aziz@helmholtz-berlin.de
b)
Current address: Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany.
Rev. Sci. Instrum. 88, 073107 (2017)
Article history
Received:
November 11 2016
Accepted:
June 17 2017
Citation
Robert Seidel, Marvin N. Pohl, Hebatallah Ali, Bernd Winter, Emad F. Aziz; Advances in liquid phase soft-x-ray photoemission spectroscopy: A new experimental setup at BESSY II. Rev. Sci. Instrum. 1 July 2017; 88 (7): 073107. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4990797
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