Scattering methods are widely used to characterize the structure and constituents of matter on small length scales. This motivates this introductory text on identifying prospective approaches to scattering-based methods for granular media. A survey to light scattering by particles and particle ensembles is given. It is elaborated why the established scattering methods using X-rays and visible light cannot in general be transferred to granular media. Spectroscopic measurements using terahertz radiation are highlighted as they probe the scattering properties of granular media, which are sensitive to the packing structure. Experimental details to optimize a spectrometer for measurements on granular media are discussed. We perform transmission measurements on static and agitated granular media using Fourier transform spectroscopy at the THz beamline of the Bessy II storage ring. The measurements demonstrate the potential to evaluate degrees of order in the media and to track transient structural states in agitated bulk granular media.
REFERENCES
1.
O.
Glatter
and O.
Kratky
, Small Angle X-ray Scattering
(Academic Press
, Boston
, 1982
).2.
R.
Xu
, Particle Characterization: Light Scattering Methods
(Kluwer Springer Netherlands
, Heidelberg
, 2002
).3.
W.
Brown
, Light Scattering: Principles and Development
(Clarendon Press
, Oxford
, 1996
).4.
H. C.
van de Hulst
, Light Scattering by Small Particles
(Dover Publications
, New York
, 1981
).5.
C. F.
Bohren
and D. R.
Huffman
, Absorption and Scattering of Light by Small Particles
(John Wiley & Sons
, Weinheim
, 1983
).6.
M.
Born
and E.
Wolf
, Principles of Optics
, 7th ed. (Cambrige University Press
, Cambridge
, 1999
).7.
A.
Ishimaru
, Wave Propagation and Scattering in Random Media
(John Wiley & Sons
, Weinheim
, 1999
).8.
M. I.
Mishchenko
, Electromagnetic Scattering by Particles and Particle Groups
(Cambrige University Press
, Cambridge
, 2014
).9.
M. I.
Mishchenko
, J. W.
Hovenier
, and L. D.
Travis
, Light Scattering by Nonspherical Particles
(Academic Press
, San Diego
, 2000
).10.
P.
Born
, K.
Holldack
, and M.
Sperl
, Granular Matter
17
, 531
(2015
).11.
Y.
Waseda
, The Structure of Non-Crystalline Materials: Liquids and Amorphous Solids
(McGraw-Hill International Book Co.
, New York
, 1980
).12.
J.-P.
Hansen
and I. R.
McDonald
, Theory of Simple Liquids
(Academic Press
, London
, 2005
).13.
S.
Fraden
and G.
Maret
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
65
, 512
(1990
).14.
J.-C.
Auger
and B.
Stout
, J. Coat. Technol. Res.
9
, 287
(2011
).15.
P.
Born
, N.
Rothbart
, M.
Sperl
, and H.-W.
Hübers
, Europhys. Lett.
106
, 48006
(2014
).16.
M.
Medebach
, C.
Moitzi
, N.
Freiberger
, and O.
Glatter
, J. Colloid Interface Sci.
305
, 88
(2007
).17.
G.
Kristensson
, J. Quant Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
164
, 97
–108
(2015
).18.
D. A.
Weitz
and D. J.
Pine
, “Diffusing wave spectroscopy
,” in Dynamic Light Scattering: The Method and Some Applications
, edited by W.
Brown
(Oxford University Press
, Oxford
, 1993
).19.
L.
Rojas-Ochoa
, J.
Mendez-Alcaraz
, J.
Sáenz
, P.
Schurtenberger
, and F.
Scheffold
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
93
, 73903
(2004
).20.
P. D.
Kaplan
, A. D.
Dinsmore
, A. G.
Yodh
, and D. J.
Pine
, Phys. Rev. E
50
, 4827
(1994
).21.
A. G. A.
Nisbet
, G.
Beutier
, F.
Fabrizi
, B.
Moser
, and S. P.
Collins
, Acta Crystallogr., Sect. A: Found. Adv.
71
, 20
(2015
).22.
S. E.
Skipetrov
and J. H.
Page
, New J. Phys.
18
, 21001
(2016
).23.
T.
Sperling
, L.
Schertel
, M.
Ackermann
, G. J.
Aubry
, C. M.
Aegerter
, and G.
Maret
, New J. Phys.
18
, 013039
(2016
).24.
E. V.
Petrova
, V. P.
Tishkovets
, and K.
Jockers
, Sol. Syst. Res.
43
, 100
(2009
).25.
J.
Schäfer
, S.
Lee
, and A.
Kienle
, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
113
, 2113
(2012
).26.
R.
Rezvani Naraghi
, S.
Sukhov
, J. J.
Sáenz
, and A.
Dogariu
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
115
, 203903
(2015
).27.
L. S.
Froufe-Pérez
, M.
Engel
, P. F.
Damasceno
, N.
Muller
, J.
Haberko
, S. C.
Glotzer
, and F.
Scheffold
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
117
, 53902
(2016
).28.
B.
Hapke
, Theory of Reflectance and Emittance Spectroscopy
(Cambrige University Press
, Cambridge
, 1993
).29.
L.
Kolokolova
and B. A. S.
Gustafson
, J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer
70
, 611
(2001
).30.
L.
Tsang
, C.-T.
Chen
, A. T. C.
Chang
, J.
Guo
, and K.-H.
Ding
, Radio Sci.
35
, 731
(2000
).31.
L. A.
Feigin
and D. I.
Svergun
, Structure Analysis by Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering
(Plenum Press
, New York
, 1987
).32.
P. F.
Taday
, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A
362
, 351
(2004
).33.
A.
Bandyopadhyay
, A.
Sengupta
, R. B.
Barat
, D. E.
Gary
, J. F.
Federici
, M.
Chen
, and D. B.
Tanner
, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves
28
, 969
(2007
).34.
L. M.
Zurk
, G.
Sundberg
, S.
Schecklman
, Z.
Zhou
, A.
Chen
, and E. I.
Thorsos
, “Scattering effects in terahertz reflection spectroscopy
,” Terahertz for Military and Security Applications VI
, Proc. SPIE
6949
, 694907
(2008
).35.
Y. C.
Shen
, P. F.
Taday
, and M.
Pepper
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
92
, 051103
(2008
).36.
M.
Kaushik
, B. W.-H.
Ng
, B. M.
Fischer
, and D.
Abbott
, IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
24
, 155
(2012
).37.
R. K.
May
, M.
Evans
, S.
Zhong
, R.
Clarkson
, Y.
Shen
, L. F.
Gladden
, and J. A.
Zeitler
, “Real-time in situ measurement of particle size in flowing powders by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
,” in 2009 34th International Conference on Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
(IEEE
, 2009
), Vol. 1.38.
J.
Pearce
, Z.
Jian
, and D. M.
Mittleman
, Philos. Trans. R. Soc., A
362
, 301
(2004
).39.
J.
Pearce
and D. M.
Mittleman
, Opt. Lett.
26
, 2002
(2001
).40.
41.
K.
Takagi
, K.
Seno
, and A.
Kawasaki
, Appl. Phys. Lett.
85
, 3681
(2004
).42.
K.
Takagi
, M.
Omote
, and A.
Kawasaki
, J. Micromech. Microeng.
20
, 035032
(2010
).43.
E.
Bründermann
, H.-W.
Hübers
, and M.
Kimmitt
, Terhertz Techniques
(Springer
, Heidelberg
, 2011
).44.
K.-E.
Peiponen
, J. A.
Zeitler
, and M.
Kuwata-Gonokami
, Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging
(Springer
, Berlin
, 2013
).45.
46.
R.
Piesiewicz
, C.
Jansen
, S.
Wietzke
, D.
Mittleman
, M.
Koch
, and T.
Krner
, Int. J. Infrared Millimeter Waves
28
, 363
(2007
).47.
W. R.
Folks
, S. K.
Pandey
, and G.
Boreman
, “Refractive Index at THz Frequencies of Various Plastics
,” Óptical Terahertz Science and Technology
, OSA Technical Digest Series, paper MD10 (2007
).48.
P. D.
Cunningham
, N. N.
Valdes
, F. A.
Vallejo
, L. M.
Hayden
, B.
Polishak
, X.-H.
Zhou
, J.
Luo
, A. K.-Y.
Jen
, J. C.
Williams
, and R. J.
Twieg
, J. Appl. Phys.
109
, 043505
(2011
).49.
H.
Richter
, M.
Greiner-Bär
, S.
Pavlov
, A. D.
Semenov
, M.
Wienold
, L.
Schrottke
, M.
Giehler
, R.
Hey
, H. T.
Grahn
, and H. W.
Hübers
, Opt. Express
18
, 10177
(2010
).50.
K.
Holldack
and A.
Schnegg
, J. Large-Scale Res. Facil.
2
, A51
(2016
).51.
W.
Leutz
and J.
Ricka
, Opt. Commun.
126
, 260
(1996
).52.
M.
Abo-Bakr
, J.
Feikes
, K.
Holldack
, P.
Kuske
, W.
Peatman
, U.
Schade
, G.
Wüstefeld
, and H.-W.
Hübers
, Phys. Rev. Lett.
90
, 94801
(2003
).53.
W.
Withayachumnankul
, B.
Fergusson
, T.
Rainsford
, S.
Mickan
, and D.
Abbot
, Fluctuation Noise Lett.
6
, L227
(2006
).54.
K.
Holldack
and D.
Ponwitz
, AIP Conf. Proc.
879
, 599
(2007
).© 2017 Author(s).
2017
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.