We present a simple and versatile polarimeter for x rays in the energy range of 10–30 keV. It uses Compton scattering in low-Z materials such as beryllium or boron carbide. The azimuthal distribution of the scattered x rays is sampled by an array of 12 silicon PIN diodes operated at room temperature. We evaluated the polarimetry performance using Monte-Carlo simulations and show experimental results.
REFERENCES
1.
J. R.
Henderson
, P.
Beiersdorfer
, C. L.
Bennett
, S.
Chantrenne
, D. A.
Knapp
, R. E.
Marrs
, M. B.
Schneider
, K. L.
Wong
, G. A.
Doschek
, J. F.
Seely
, C. M.
Brown
, R. E.
LaVilla
, J.
Dubau
, and M. A.
Levine
, “Polarization of x-ray emission lines from heliumlike scandium as a probe of the hyperfine interaction
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
65
, 705
–708
(1990
).2.
P.
Beiersdorfer
, D. A.
Vogel
, K. J.
Reed
, V.
Decaux
, J. H.
Scofield
, K.
Widmann
, G.
Hölzer
, E.
Förster
, O.
Wehrhan
, D. W.
Savin
, and L.
Schweikhard
, “Measurement and interpretation of the polarization of the x-ray line emission of heliumlike Fe XXV excited by an electron beam
,” Phys. Rev. A
53
, 3974
–3981
(1996
).3.
D. L.
Robbins
, A. Y.
Faenov
, T. A.
Pikuz
, H.
Chen
, P.
Beiersdorfer
, M. J.
May
, J.
Dunn
, K. J.
Reed
, and A. J.
Smith
, “Measurement of the polarization of the K-shell resonance line emission of S13+ and S14+ at relativistic electron beam energies
,” Phys. Rev. A
70
, 022715
(2004
).4.
D. L.
Robbins
, P.
Beiersdorfer
, A. Y.
Faenov
, T. A.
Pikuz
, D. B.
Thorn
, H.
Chen
, K. J.
Reed
, A. J.
Smith
, K. R.
Boyce
, G. V.
Brown
, R. L.
Kelley
, C. A.
Kilbourne
, and F. S.
Porter
, “Polarization measurements of the Lyman-α1 x-ray emission lines of hydrogenlike Ar17+ and Fe25+ at high electron-impact energies
,” Phys. Rev. A
74
, 022713
(2006
).5.
S.
Tashenov
, T.
Stöhlker
, D.
Banaś
, K.
Beckert
, P.
Beller
, H. F.
Beyer
, F.
Bosch
, S.
Fritzsche
, A.
Gumberidze
, S.
Hagmann
, C.
Kozhuharov
, T.
Krings
, D.
Liesen
, F.
Nolden
, D.
Protic
, D.
Sierpowski
, U.
Spillmann
, M.
Steck
, and A.
Surzhykov
, “First measurement of the linear polarization of radiative electron capture transitions
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
97
, 223202
(2006
).6.
S.
Tashenov
, T.
Bäck
, R.
Barday
, B.
Cederwall
, J.
Enders
, A.
Khaplanov
, Y.
Poltoratska
, K.-U.
Schässburger
, and A.
Surzhykov
, “Measurement of the correlation between electron spin and photon linear polarization in atomic-field bremsstrahlung
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
107
, 173201
(2011
).7.
S.
Tashenov
, T.
Bäck
, R.
Barday
, B.
Cederwall
, J.
Enders
, A.
Khaplanov
, Y.
Fritzsche
, K.-U.
Schässburger
, A.
Surzhykov
, V. A.
Yerokhin
, and D.
Jakubassa-Amundsen
, “Bremsstrahlung polarization correlations and their application for polarimetry of electron beams
,” Phys. Rev. A
87
, 022707
(2013
).8.
R.
Märtin
, G.
Weber
, R.
Barday
, Y.
Fritzsche
, U.
Spillmann
, W.
Chen
, R. D.
DuBois
, J.
Enders
, M.
Hegewald
, S.
Hess
, A.
Surzhykov
, D. B.
Thorn
, S.
Trotsenko
, M.
Wagner
, D. F. A.
Winters
, V. A.
Yerokhin
, and T.
Stöhlker
, “Polarization transfer of bremsstrahlung arising from spin-polarized electrons
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
108
, 264801
(2012
).9.
G.
Weber
, H.
Bräuning
, A.
Surzhykov
, C.
Brandau
, S.
Fritzsche
, S.
Geyer
, S.
Hagmann
, S.
Hess
, C.
Kozhuharov
, R.
Märtin
, N.
Petridis
, R.
Reuschl
, U.
Spillmann
, S.
Trotsenko
, D. F. A.
Winters
, and T.
Stöhlker
, “Direct determination of the magnetic quadrupole contribution to the Lyman-α1 transition in a hydrogenlike ion
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
105
, 243002
(2010
).10.
L.
Fagg
and S.
Hanna
, “Polarization measurements on nuclear gamma rays
,” Rev. Mod. Phys.
31
, 711
–758
(1959
).11.
B.
Schlitt
, U.
Maier
, H.
Friedrichs
, S.
Albers
, I.
Bauske
, P.
von Brentano
, R.
Heil
, R.-D.
Herzberg
, U.
Kneissl
, J.
Margraf
, H.
Pitz
, C.
Wesselborg
, and A.
Zilges
, “A sectored Ge-Compton polarimeter for parity assignments in photon scattering experiments
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
337
, 416
–426
(1994
).12.
S. E.
Boggs
, W.
Coburn
, and E.
Kalemci
, “Gamma-ray polarimetry of two x-class solar flares
,” Astrophys. J.
638
, 1129
(2006
).13.
M.
Weisskopf
, G.
Cohen
, H.
Kestenbaum
, K.
Long
, R.
Novice
, and R.
Wolff
, “Measurement of the x-ray polarization of the Crab Nebula
,” Astrophys. J.
208
, L125
–L128
(1976
).14.
T.
Fujimoto
, H.
Sahara
, T.
Kawachi
, T.
Kallstenius
, M.
Goto
, H.
Kawase
, T.
Furukubo
, T.
Maekawa
, and Y.
Terumichi
, “Polarization of impurity emission lines from a tokamak plasma
,” Phys. Rev. E
54
, R2240
–R2243
(1996
).15.
T.
Fujimoto
and S. A.
Kazantsev
, “Plasma polarization spectroscopy
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
39
, 1267
(1997
).16.
E.
Baronova
, A.
Dolgov
, and L.
Yakubovskii
, “Polarization of x rays of multiply charged ions in dense high-temperature plasma
,” Instrum. Exp. Tech.
47
, 390
–393
(2004
).17.
H.
Jörg
, Z.
Hu
, H.
Bekker
, M. A.
Blessenohl
, D.
Hollain
, S.
Fritzsche
, A.
Surzhykov
, J. R.
Crespo López-Urrutia
, and S.
Tashenov
, “Linear polarization of x-ray transitions due to dielectronic recombination in highly charged ions
,” Phys. Rev. A
91
, 042705
(2015
).18.
B.
Watts
, L.
Thomsen
, and P.
Dastoor
, “A simple polarimeter for quantifying synchrotron polarization
,” J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom.
151
, 208
–214
(2006
).19.
D.
Laundy
, “Calculation of the polarisation of synchrotron radiation
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
290
, 248
–253
(1990
).20.
Y.
Taira
, M.
Adachi
, H.
Zen
, T.
Tanikawa
, N.
Yamamoto
, M.
Hosaka
, Y.
Takashima
, K.
Soda
, and M.
Katoh
, “Generation of energy-tunable and ultra-short-pulse gamma rays via inverse Compton scattering in an electron storage ring
,” in Symposium on Radiation Measurements and Applications (SORMA) {XII} 2010
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
652
, 696
–700
(2011
)].21.
A.
Yagishita
and E.
Shigemasa
, “High resolution and symmetry resolved core-level spectroscopy using soft x-ray undulator (invited)
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
63
, 1383
(1992
).22.
F.
Sirotti
and G.
Rossi
, “Magnetic asymmetry in photoemission from Fe(100) with linearly polarized synchrotron radiation
,” Phys. Rev. B
49
, 15682
–15687
(1994
).23.
L.
Paolasini
, C.
Detlefs
, C.
Mazzoli
, S.
Wilkins
, P. P.
Deen
, A.
Bombardi
, N.
Kernavanois
, F.
de Bergevin
, F.
Yakhou
, J. P.
Valade
, I.
Breslavetz
, A.
Fondacaro
, G.
Pepellin
, and P.
Bernard
, “ID20: A beamline for magnetic and resonant x-ray scattering investigations under extreme conditions
,” J. Synchrotron Radiat.
14
, 301
–312
(2007
).24.
S.
Bernitt
, G. V.
Brown
, J. K.
Rudolph
, R.
Steinbrugge
, A.
Graf
, M.
Leutenegger
, S. W.
Epp
, S.
Eberle
, K.
Kubicek
, V.
Mackel
, M. C.
Simon
, E.
Trabert
, E. W.
Magee
, C.
Beilmann
, N.
Hell
, S.
Schippers
, A.
Muller
, S. M.
Kahn
, A.
Surzhykov
, Z.
Harman
, C. H.
Keitel
, J.
Clementson
, F. S.
Porter
, W.
Schlotter
, J. J.
Turner
, J.
Ullrich
, P.
Beiersdorfer
, and J. R. C.
Lopez-Urrutia
, “An unexpectedly low oscillator strength as the origin of the FeXVII emission problem
,” Nature
492
, 225
–228
(2012
).25.
B. W.
Adams
, C.
Buth
, S. M.
Cavaletto
, J.
Evers
, Z.
Harman
, C. H.
Keitel
, A.
Pálffy
, A.
Picn
, R.
Röhlsberger
, Y.
Rostovtsev
, and K.
Tamasaku
, “X-ray quantum optics
,” J. Mod. Opt.
60
, 2
–21
(2013
).26.
A.
Pálffy
, C. H.
Keitel
, and J.
Evers
, “Single-photon entanglement in the keV regime via coherent control of nuclear forward scattering
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
103
, 017401
(2009
).27.
E. O.
Baronova
and M. M.
Stepanenko
, “A novel x-ray polarimeter based on hexagonal crystal, for application to thermonuclear fusion experiments
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
45
, 1113
(2003
).28.
B.
Marx
, K. S.
Schulze
, I.
Uschmann
, T.
Kämpfer
, R.
Lötzsch
, O.
Wehrhan
, W.
Wagner
, C.
Detlefs
, T.
Roth
, J.
Härtwig
, E.
Förster
, T.
Stöhlker
, and G. G.
Paulus
, “High-precision x-ray polarimetry
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
110
, 254801
(2013
).29.
B.
Marx
, K. S.
Schulze
, I.
Uschmann
, T.
Kämpfer
, O.
Wehrhan
, H. C.
Wille
, K.
Schlage
, R.
Röhlsberger
, E.
Weckert
, E.
Förster
, T.
Stöhlker
, and G. G.
Paulus
, “High precision measurement of undulator polarization in the regime of hard x-rays
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
105
, 024103
(2014
).30.
E.
Costa
, P.
Soffitta
, R.
Bellazzini
, A.
Brez
, N.
Lumb
, and G.
Spandre
, “An effcient photoelectric x-ray polarimeter for the study of black holes and neutron stars
,” Nature
411
, 662
(2001
).31.
K.
Schmidt
, M.
Bögner
, G.
Buschhorn
, R.
Kotthaus
, R.
Oberhuber
, and M.
Rzepka
, “X-ray polarimetry and position measurement using the photoeffect and charge diffusion in a CCD
,” in Proceedings of the 7th International Wire Chamber Conference
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
367
, 215
–219
(1995
)].32.
M.
Kobayashi
and K.
Kondo
, “New method for measurement of gamma-ray polarization by detection of angular correlation in pair production
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods
104
, 101
–107
(1972
).33.
C.
de Jager
, B.
Wojtsekhowski
, D.
Tedeschi
, B.
Vlahovic
, D.
Abbott
, J.
Asai
, G.
Feldman
, T.
Hotta
, M.
Khadaker
, H.
Kohri
, T.
Matsumara
, T.
Mibe
, T.
Nakano
, V.
Nelyubin
, G.
Orielly
, A.
Rudge
, P.
Weilhammer
, M.
Wood
, T.
Yorita
, and R.
Zegers
, “A pair polarimeter for linearly polarized high energy photons
,” Eur. Phys. J. A
19
, 275
–278
(2004
).34.
F.
Lei
, A. J.
Dean
, and G. L.
Hills
, “Compton polarimetry in gamma-ray astronomy
,” Space Sci. Rev.
82
, 309
–388
(1997
).35.
P.
Soffitta
, L.
Baldini
, R.
Bellazzini
, A.
Brez
, E.
Costa
, G. D.
Persio
, L.
Latronico
, N.
Omodei
, L.
Pacciani
, and G.
Spandre
, “Techniques and detectors for polarimetry in x-ray astronomy
,” in Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Applications of Particle Detectors in Medicine, Biology and Astrophysics
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
510
, 170
–175
(2003
)].36.
T.
Kamae
, V.
Andersson
, M.
Arimoto
, M.
Axelsson
, C. M.
Bettolo
, C.-I.
Björnsson
, G.
Bogaert
, P.
Carlson
, W.
Craig
, T.
Ekeberg
, O.
Engdegård
, Y.
Fukazawa
, S.
Gunji
, L.
Hjalmarsdotter
, B.
Iwan
, Y.
Kanai
, J.
Kataoka
, N.
Kawai
, J.
Kazejev
, M.
Kiss
, W.
Klamra
, S.
Larsson
, G.
Madejski
, T.
Mizuno
, J.
Ng
, M.
Pearce
, F.
Ryde
, M.
Suhonen
, H.
Tajima
, H.
Takahashi
, T.
Takahashi
, T.
Tanaka
, T.
Thurston
, M.
Ueno
, G.
Varner
, K.
Yamamoto
, Y.
Yamashita
, T.
Ylinen
, and H.
Yoshida
, “PoGOLite – a high sensitivity balloon-borne soft gamma-ray polarimeter
,” Astropart. Phys.
30
, 72
–84
(2008
).37.
C.
Hutter
, M.
Babilon
, W.
Bayer
, D.
Galaviz
, T.
Hartmann
, P.
Mohr
, S.
Müller
, W.
Rochow
, D.
Savran
, K.
Sonnabend
, K.
Vogt
, S.
Volz
, and A.
Zilges
, “Polarization sensitivity of a segmented HPGe detector up to 10 MeV
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
489
, 247
–256
(2002
).38.
J.
Lee
and C.
Lee
, “Polarization sensitivity and efficiency for a planar-type segmented germanium detector as a Compton polarimeter
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
506
, 125
–133
(2003
).39.
A.
Khaplanov
, S.
Tashenov
, B.
Cederwall
, and G.
Jaworski
, “A gamma-ray polarimeter based on a single segmented planar HPGe detector
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
593
, 459
–465
(2008
).40.
U.
Spillmann
, H.
Bräuning
, S.
Hess
, H.
Beyer
, T.
Stöhlker
, J.-C.
Dousse
, D.
Protic
, and T.
Krings
, “Performance of a Ge-microstrip imaging detector and polarimeter
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
79
, 083101
(2008
).41.
B.
Alikhani
, A.
Givechev
, A.
Heinz
, P.
John
, J.
Leske
, M.
Lettmann
, O.
Möller
, N.
Pietralla
, and C.
Röder
, “Compton polarimetry with a 36-fold segmented HPGe-detector of the AGATA-type
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
675
, 144
–154
(2012
).42.
T.
Michel
, J.
Durst
, and J.
Jakubek
, “X-ray polarimetry by means of Compton scattering in the sensor of a hybrid photon counting pixel detector
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
603
, 384
–392
(2009
).43.
S.
Takeda
, H.
Odaka
, J.
Katsuta
, S.-n.
Ishikawa
, S.-i.
Sugimoto
, Y.
Koseki
, S.
Watanabe
, G.
Sato
, M.
Kokubun
, T.
Takahashi
, K.
Nakazawa
, Y.
Fukazawa
, H.
Tajima
, and H.
Toyokawa
, “Polarimetric performance of Si/CdTe semiconductor Compton camera
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
622
, 619
–627
(2010
).44.
D.
Xu
, Z.
He
, and F.
Zhang
, “Detection of gamma ray polarization using a 3-D position-sensitive CdZnTe detector
,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
52
, 1160
–1164
(2005
).45.
G.
Weber
, H.
Bräuning
, S.
Hess
, R.
Märtin
, U.
Spillmann
, and T.
Stöhlker
, “Performance of a position sensitive Si(Li) x-ray detector dedicated to Compton polarimetry of stored and trapped highly-charged ions
,” J. Instrum.
5
, C07010
(2010
).46.
S.
Tashenov
and J.
Gerl
, “TANGO – new tracking algorithm for gamma-rays
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
622
, 592
–601
(2010
).47.
S.
Tashenov
, “Identification of bremsstrahlung events in gamma-ray tracking detectors
,” J. Instrum.
5
, P10004
(2010
).48.
A.
Khaplanov
, S.
Tashenov
, and B.
Cederwall
, “Position sensitivity of the proposed segmented germanium detectors for the DESPEC project
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
604
, 56
–59
(2009
).49.
S.
Tashenov
and J.
Gerl
, “Imaging algorithm for background suppression in the planned gamma tracking array of DESPEC
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
586
, 224
–228
(2008
).50.
S.
Tashenov
, A.
Khaplanov
, and B.
Cederwall
, “Gamma-ray tracking and background suppression in the planned germanium array of DESPEC: A comparative analysis
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
604
, 64
–66
(2009
).51.
A.
Khaplanov
, J.
Pettersson
, and B.
Cederwall
, “Compton imager based on a single planar segmented HPGe detector
,” in Imaging 2006—Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Imaging Techniques in Subatomic Physics, Astrophysics, Medicine, Biology and Industry
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
580
, 1075
–1078
(2007
)].52.
S.
Tashenov
, “Circular polarimetry with gamma-ray tracking detectors
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
640
, 164
–169
(2011
).53.
S. W.
Epp
, J. R. C.
López-Urrutia
, G.
Brenner
, V.
Mäckel
, P. H.
Mokler
, R.
Treusch
, M.
Kuhlmann
, M. V.
Yurkov
, J.
Feldhaus
, J. R.
Schneider
, M.
Wellhöfer
, M.
Martins
, W.
Wurth
, and J.
Ullrich
, “Soft x-ray laser spectroscopy on trapped highly charged ions at FLASH
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
98
, 183001
(2007
).54.
J. R. C.
López-Urrutia
, A.
Dorn
, R.
Moshammer
, and J.
Ullrich
, “The freiburg electron beam ion trap/source project FreEBIT
,” Phys. Scr.
1999
, 502
.55.
56.
The SiPIN diodes and preamplifiers were purchased in the companies First Sensor AG, Berlin, Germany and eV Products Inc., Saxonburg, USA. Details of their characterization are presented in the master thesis of K.-U. Schaessburger, “Si-detector development for gamma- and x-ray imaging applications,” Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden (2008).
57.
A.
Georgiev
, W.
Gast
, and R.
Lieder
, “An analog-to-digital conversion based on a moving window deconvolution
,” IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.
41
, 1116
–1124
(1994
).58.
Details about the implementaion of this algorithm in our data acquisition system can be found in the Ph.D. thesis of A. Khaplanov, “Position-sensitive germanium detectors for gamma-ray tracking, imaging and polarimetry,” Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Stockholm, Sweden (2010).
59.
S.
Agostinelli
, J.
Allison
, K.
Amako
, J.
Apostolakis
, H.
Araujo
, P.
Arce
, M.
Asai
, D.
Axen
, S.
Banerjee
, G.
Barrand
, F.
Behner
, L.
Bellagamba
, J.
Boudreau
, L.
Broglia
, A.
Brunengo
et al., “Geant4 – a simulation toolkit
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
506
, 250
–303
(2003
).60.
S.
Tashenov
, A.
Khaplanov
, B.
Cederwall
, and K.-U.
Schässburger
, “Hard x-ray polarimetry by means of Rayleigh scattering
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
600
, 599
–603
(2009
).61.
F.
Muleri
, P.
Soffitta
, L.
Baldini
, R.
Bellazzini
, J.
Bregeon
, A.
Brez
, E.
Costa
, M.
Frutti
, L.
Latronico
, M.
Minuti
, M.
Negri
, N.
Omodei
, M.
Pesce-Rollins
, M.
Pinchera
, M.
Razzano
, A.
Rubini
, C.
Sgr
, and G.
Spandre
, “Low energy polarization sensitivity of the Gas Pixel Detector
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
584
, 149
–159
(2008
).62.
S.
Texter
, S.
Knowlton
, M.
Porkolab
, and Y.
Takase
, “High energy x-ray measurements during lower hybrid current drive on the Alcator C tokamak
,” Nucl. Fusion
26
, 1279
(1986
).63.
G.
Bertschinger
, W.
Biel
, the TEXTOR-94 Team
, O.
Herzog
, J.
Weinheimer
, H.-J.
Kunze
, and M.
Bitter
, “X-ray spectroscopy at the TEXTOR-94 tokamak
,” Phys. Scr.
1999
, 132
.64.
J.
Weinheimer
, I.
Ahmad
, O.
Herzog
, H.-J.
Kunze
, G.
Bertschinger
, W.
Biel
, G.
Borchert
, and M.
Bitter
, “High-resolution x-ray crystal spectrometer/polarimeter at torus experiment for technology oriented research-94
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
72
, 2566
(2001
).65.
J.
Shi
, S.
Xiao
, J.
Qian
, X.
Huang
, and H.
Cai
, “Detection of x-ray polarization of Ar Z-pinch plasma
,” Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
624
, 137
–140
(2010
).66.
F.
Walden
, H.-J.
Kunze
, A.
Petoyan
, A.
Urnov
, and J.
Dubau
, “Polarization measurements of the Al XII resonance line emitted from micropinch plasmas of a vacuum spark discharge
,” Phys. Rev. E
59
, 3562
–3570
(1999
).67.
D. G. S.
Greene
, J. L.
Shohet
, and P. A.
Raimbault
, “Polarization of the free-free bremsstrahlung in an anisotropic hot-electron plasma
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
27
, 90
–92
(1971
).68.
N.
Woolsey
, R.
Clarke
, D.
Doria
, L.
Gizzi
, G.
Gregori
, P.
Hakel
, S.
Hansen
, P.
Koester
, L.
Labate
, T.
Levato
, B.
Li
, M.
Makita
, R.
Mancini
, J.
Pasley
, P.
Rajeev
, A.
Robinson
, E.
Wagenaars
, J.
Waugh
, and N.
Booth
, “Precision x-ray spectroscopy of intense laser-plasma interactions
,” High Energy Density Phys.
7
, 105
–109
(2011
).69.
N.
Booth
, R.
Clarke
, D.
Doria
, L.
Gizzi
, G.
Gregori
, P.
Hakel
, P.
Koester
, L.
Labate
, T.
Levato
, B.
Li
, M.
Makita
, R.
Mancini
, J.
Pasley
, P.
Rajeev
, D.
Riley
, A.
Robinson
, E.
Wagenaars
, J.
Waugh
, and N.
Woolsey
, “Measuring fast electron distribution functions at intensities up to 1021 w/cm2
,” in Superstrong 2010
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
653
, 137
–139
(2011
)].70.
D.
Batani
and A.
Morace
, “Measurement of the fast electron distribution in laser-plasma experiments in the context of the fast ignition approach to inertial confinement fusion
,” in 1rs International Conference on Frontiers in Diagnostics Technologies
[Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., Sect. A
623
, 699
–703
(2010
)].71.
Y.
Inubushi
, Y.
Okano
, H.
Nishimura
, H.
Cai
, H.
Nagatomo
, T.
Kai
, T.
Kawamura
, D.
Batani
, A.
Morace
, R.
Redaelli
, C.
Fourment
, J. J.
Santos
, G.
Malka
, A.
Boscheron
, O.
Bonville
, J.
Grenier
, P.
Canal
, B.
Lacoste
, C.
Lepage
, L.
Marmande
, E.
Mazataud
, A.
Casner
, M.
Koenig
, S.
Fujioka
, T.
Nakamura
, T.
Johzaki
, and K.
Mima
, “X-ray polarization spectroscopy to study anisotropic velocity distribution of hot electrons produced by an ultra-high-intensity laser
,” Phys. Rev. E
81
, 036410
(2010
).© 2015 AIP Publishing LLC.
2015
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
