An apparatus for measuring the Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity is presented and characterized. The device can be used in a wide temperature range from room temperature to 1050 °C and in all common atmospheres, including oxidizing, reducing, humid, and inert. The apparatus is suitable for samples with different geometries (disk-, bar-shaped), allowing a complete thermoelectric characterization (including thermal conductivity) on a single sample. The Seebeck coefficient α can be measured in both sample directions (in-plane and cross-plane) simultaneously. Electrical conductivity is measured via the van der Pauw method. Perovskite-type CaMnO3 and the misfit cobalt oxide (Ca2CoO3)q(CoO2) are studied to demonstrate the temperature range and to investigate the variation of the electrical properties as a function of the measurement atmosphere.
REFERENCES
1.
H. J.
Goldsmid
, Introduction to Thermoelectricity
(Springer-Verlag
, Berlin
, 2010
).2.
J.
Martin
, T.
Tritt
, and C.
Uher
, “High temperature Seebeck coefficient metrology
,” J. Appl. Phys.
108
(12
), 121101
(2010
).3.
A. T.
Burkov
, A.
Heinrich
, P. P.
Konstantinov
, T.
Nakama
, and K.
Yagasaki
, “Experimental set-up for thermopower and resistivity measurements at 100–1300 K
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
12
(3
), 264
(2001
).4.
J.
Boor
, C.
Stiewe
, P.
Ziolkowski
, T.
Dasgupta
, G.
Karpinski
, E.
Lenz
, F.
Edler
, and E.
Mueller
, “High-temperature measurement of Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity
,” J. Electron. Mater.
42
(7
), 1711
–1718
(2013
).5.
C.
Byl
, D.
Bérardan
, and N.
Dragoe
, “Experimental setup for measurements of transport properties at high temperature and under controlled atmosphere
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
23
(3
), 035603
(2012
).6.
S.
Iwanaga
, E. S.
Toberer
, A.
LaLonde
, and G. J.
Snyder
, “A high temperature apparatus for measurement of the Seebeck coefficient
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
82
(6
), 063905
(2011
).7.
P. H. M.
Böttger
, E.
Flage-Larsen
, O. B.
Karlsen
, and T. G.
Finstad
, “High temperature Seebeck coefficient and resistance measurement system for thermoelectric materials in the thin disk geometry
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
83
(2
), 025101
(2012
).8.
G. J.
Snyder
and E. S.
Toberer
, “Complex thermoelectric materials
,” Nat. Mater.
7
, 105
–114
(2008
).9.
K.
Biswas
, J.
He
, I. D.
Blum
, C.-I.
Wu
, T. P.
Hogan
, D. N.
Seidman
, V. P.
Dravid
, and M. G.
Kanatzidis
, “High-performance bulk thermoelectrics with all-scale hierarchical architectures
,” Nature (London)
489
, 414
–418
(2012
).10.
I.
Terasaki
, Y.
Sasago
, and K.
Uchinokura
, “Large thermoelectric power in NaCo2O4 single crystals
,” Phys. Rev. B
56
(20
), R12685
–R12687
(1997
).11.
S.
Hébert
and A.
Maignan
, Thermoelectric Oxides
(John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
, 2010
), pp. 203
–255
.12.
J. W.
Fergus
, “Oxide materials for high temperature thermoelectric energy conversion
,” J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.
32
(3
), 525
–540
(2012
).13.
T.
Norby
, “EMF method determination of conductivity contributions from protons and other foreign ions in oxides
,” Solid State Ionics
28–30
(2
), 1586
–1591
(1988
).14.
A. T.
Burkov
, Measurements of Resistivity and Thermopower: Principles and Practical Realization
(CRC Taylor and Francis
, 2006
), Chap. 22.15.
J.
Martin
, “Protocols for the high temperature measurement of the Seebeck coefficient in thermoelectric materials
,” Meas. Sci. Technol.
24
(8
), 085601
(2013
).16.
L. J.
Van der Pauw
, “A method of measuring specific resistivity and Hall effect of discs of arbitrary shape
,” Philips Res. Rep.
13
, 1
–9
(1958
).17.
L.
Bocher
, M. H.
Aguirre
, R.
Robert
, D.
Logvinovich
, S.
Bakardjieva
, J.
Hejtmanek
, and A.
Weidenkaff
, “High-temperature stability, structure and thermoelectric properties of phases
,” Acta Mater.
57
(19
), 5667
–5680
(2009
).18.
P.
Thiel
, J.
Eilertsen
, S.
Populoh
, G.
Saucke
, M.
Döbeli
, A.
Shkabko
, L.
Sagarna
, L.
Karvonen
, and A.
Weidenkaff
, “Influence of tungsten substitution and oxygen deficiency on the thermoelectric properties of CaMnO3 − δ
,” J. Appl. Phys.
114
(24
), 243707
(2013
).19.
M.
Ohtaki
, H.
Koga
, T.
Tokunaga
, K.
Eguchi
, and H.
Arai
, “Electrical transport properties and high-temperature thermoelectric performance of (Ca0.9M0.1)MnO3 (M = Y, La, Ce, Sm, In, Sn, Sb, Pb, Bi)
,” J. Solid State Chem.
120
(1
), 105
–111
(1995
).20.
J.-I.
Shimoyama
, S.
Horii
, K.
Otzschi
, M.
Sano
, and K.
Kishio
, “Oxygen nonstoichiometry in layered cobaltite Ca3Co4Oy
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.
42
(Part 2, No. 2B
), L194
–L197
(2003
).21.
C. D.
Ling
, K.
Aivazian
, S.
Schmid
, and P.
Jensen
, “Structural investigation of oxygen non-stoichiometry and cation doping in misfit-layered thermoelectric (Ca2CoO3−x)(CoO2)δ, δ ≈ 1.61
,” J. Solid State Chem.
180
(4
), 1446
–1455
(2007
).22.
F. A.
Kröger
and H. J.
Vink
, Relations between the Concentrations of Imperfections in Crystalline Solids
(Academic Press
, 1956
), pp. 307
–435
.23.
A. C.
Masset
, C.
Michel
, A.
Maignan
, M.
Hervieu
, O.
Toulemonde
, F.
Studer
, B.
Raveau
, and J.
Hejtmanek
, “Misfit-layered cobaltite with an anisotropic giant magnetoresistance: Ca3Co4O9
,” Phys. Rev. B
62
, 166
–175
(2000
).24.
D.
Kenfaui
, D.
Chateigner
, M.
Gomina
, and J. G.
Noudem
, “Anisotropy of the mechanical and thermoelectric properties of hot-pressed single-layer and multilayer thick Ca3Co4O9 ceramics
,” Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol.
8
(1
), 214
–226
(2011
).25.
G.
Saucke
, S.
Populoh
, N.
Vogel-Schäuble
, L.
Sagarna
, K.
Mogare
, L.
Karvonen
, and A.
Weidenkaff
, “Thermoelectric properties of Ru and in substituted misfit-layered Ca3Co4O9
,” MRS Online Proc. Libr.
1543
(1
), 83
–92
(2013
).26.
G. D.
Tang
, H. H.
Guo
, T.
Yang
, D. W.
Zhang
, X. N.
Xu
, L. Y.
Wang
, Z. H.
Wang
, H. H.
Wen
, Z. D.
Zhang
, and Y. W.
Du
, “Anisotropic thermopower and magnetothermopower in a misfit-layered calcium cobaltite
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
98
(20
), 202109
(2011
).27.
V.
Ponnambalam
, S.
Lindsey
, N. S.
Hickman
, and Terry M.
Tritt
, “Sample probe to measure resistivity and thermopower in the temperature range of 300–1000 K
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
77
(7
), 073904
(2006
).28.
C. L.
Foiles
, “Thermopower of pure metals and dilute alloys
,” in Landolt-Bornstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology
(Springer-Verlag
, Berlin
, 1985
).29.
C. A.
Domenicali
and F. A.
Otter
, “Thermoelectric power and electrical resistivity of dilute alloys of silicon in copper, nickel, and iron
,” J. Appl. Phys.
26
(4
), 377
–380
(1955
).© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.