A versatile appearance potential spectrometer has been developed to detect photons and electrons, emitted during electron bombardment, for determining the binding energies of the electrons of surface atoms. Primary currents down to 50 μA yield good signals for the detection of electrons. Furthermore, the detection of desorbed ions can be used for measuring the threshold energy of ion emission. A special preamplifier is used for a high signal‐to‐noise ratio.
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© 1975 American Institute of Physics.
1975
American Institute of Physics
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