Laser-cooled trapped ions can be strongly coupled and form crystalline states. In this paper we review experimental studies that measure the spatial correlations of Be+ ion crystals formed in Penning traps. Both Bragg scattering of the cooling-laser light and spatial imaging of the laser-induced ion fluorescence are used to measure these correlations. In spherical plasmas with more than 2×105 ions, body-centered-cubic (bcc) crystals, the predicted bulk structure, are the only type of crystals observed. The orientation of the ion crystals can be phase locked to a rotating electric-field perturbation. With this “rotating wall” technique and stroboscopic detection, images of individual ions in a Penning trap are obtained. The rotating wall technique also provides a precise control of the time-dilation shift due to the plasma rotation, which is important for Penning trap frequency standards.

1.
J. J. Bollinger, T. B. Mitchell, X.-P. Huang, W. M. Itano, J. N. Tan, B. M. Jelenkovic, and D. J. Wineland, in Trapped Charged Particles and Fundamental Physics, edited by D. H. E. Dubin and D. Schneider (American Institute of Physics, New York, 1999), pp. 295–304.
2.
T. B.
Mitchell
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
X.-P.
Huang
,
W. M.
Itano
, and
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
Phys. Plasmas
6
,
1751
(
1999
).
3.
S.
Ichimaru
,
H.
Iyetomi
, and
S.
Tanaka
,
Phys. Rep.
149
,
91
(
1987
).
4.
J. H.
Malmberg
and
T. M.
O’Neil
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
39
,
1333
(
1977
).
5.
H. M.
Van Horn
,
Science
252
,
384
(
1991
).
6.
C. C.
Grimes
and
G.
Adams
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
42
,
795
(
1979
).
7.
E. L.
Pollock
and
J. P.
Hansen
,
Phys. Rev. A
8
,
3110
(
1973
);
W. L.
Slattery
,
G. D.
Doolen
, and
H. E.
DeWitt
,
Phys. Rev. A
21
,
2087
(
1980
);
W. L.
Slattery
,
G. D.
Doolen
, and
H. E.
DeWitt
,
Phys. Rev. A
26
,
2255
(
1982
);
S.
Ogata
and
S.
Ichimaru
,
Phys. Rev. A
36
,
5451
(
1987
);
G. S.
Stringfellow
and
H. E.
DeWitt
,
Phys. Rev. A
41
,
1105
(
1990
);
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
Phys. Rev. A
42
,
4972
(
1990
).
8.
J. P.
Schiffer
,
Science
279
,
675
(
1998
).
9.
F.
Diedrich
,
E.
Peik
,
J. M.
Chen
,
W.
Quint
, and
H.
Walther
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
59
,
2931
(
1987
).
10.
D. J.
Wineland
,
J. C.
Bergquist
,
W. M.
Itano
,
J. J.
Bollinger
, and
C. H.
Manney
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
59
,
2935
(
1987
).
11.
Strongly coupled clusters of highly charged, micrometer-sized aluminum particles were previously observed in Paul traps. See
R. F.
Wuerker
,
H.
Shelton
, and
R. V.
Langmuir
,
J. Appl. Phys.
30
,
342
(
1959
).
12.
S. L.
Gilbert
,
J. J.
Bollinger
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
60
,
2022
(
1988
).
13.
G.
Birkl
,
S.
Kassner
, and
H.
Walther
,
Nature (London)
357
,
310
(
1992
).
14.
M.
Drewsen
,
C.
Broderson
,
L.
Hornekaer
,
J. S.
Hangst
, and
J. P.
Schiffer
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
81
,
2878
(
1998
).
15.
H.
Walther
,
Adv. At., Mol., Opt. Phys.
31
,
137
(
1993
).
16.
A.
Melzer
,
A.
Homann
, and
A.
Piel
,
Phys. Rev. E
53
,
2757
(
1996
).
17.
C. A.
Murray
and
D. G.
Grier
,
Am. Sci.
83
,
238
(
1995
).
18.
W. L.
Vos
,
M.
Mehens
,
C. M.
van Kats
, and
P.
Bösecke
,
Langmuir
13
,
6004
(
1997
).
19.
J. N.
Tan
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
B.
Jelenković
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
75
,
4198
(
1995
).
20.
W. M.
Itano
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
J. N.
Tan
,
B.
Jelenković
,
X.-P.
Huang
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Science
279
,
686
(
1998
).
21.
X.-P.
Huang
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
T. B.
Mitchell
, and
W. M.
Itano
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
80
,
73
(
1998
).
22.
X.-P.
Huang
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
T. B.
Mitchell
, and
W. M.
Itano
,
Phys. Plasmas
5
,
1656
(
1998
).
23.
T. B.
Mitchell
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
X.-P.
Huang
,
W. M.
Itano
, and
R. H.
Baughman
,
Science
282
,
1290
(
1998
).
24.
L. R.
Brewer
,
J. D.
Prestage
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
W. M.
Itano
,
D. J.
Larson
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Phys. Rev. A
38
,
859
(
1988
).
25.
R. C. Davidson, Physics of Non-neutral Plasmas (Addison-Wesley, New York, 1990), pp. 39–75.
26.
T. M.
O’Neil
and
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
Phys. Plasmas
5
,
2163
(
1998
).
27.
D. J.
Heinzen
,
J. J.
Bollinger
,
F. L.
Moore
,
W. M.
Itano
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
66
,
2080
(
1991
).
28.
J. J.
Bollinger
,
D. J.
Heinzen
,
F. L.
Moore
,
W. M.
Itano
,
D. J.
Wineland
, and
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
Phys. Rev. A
48
,
525
(
1993
).
29.
D. H. E.
Dubin
,
Phys. Rev. A
40
,
1140
(
1989
).
30.
N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin, Solid State Physics (Saunders, Philadelphia, 1976), pp. 95–110.
31.
J. N. Tan, J. J. Bollinger, B. Jelenković, W. M. Itano, and D. J. Wineland, in Proceedings of the International Conference on Physics of Strongly Coupled Plasmas, edited by W. D. Kraeft and M. Schlanges (World Scientific, Singapore, 1996), pp. 387–396.
32.
V. I.
Valtchinov
,
G.
Kalman
, and
K. B.
Blagoev
,
Phys. Rev. E
56
,
4351
(
1997
).
33.
J. I.
Cirac
and
P.
Zoller
,
Phys. Rev. Lett.
74
,
4091
(
1995
).
34.
D. J.
Wineland
,
C.
Monroe
,
W. M.
Itano
,
D.
Leibfried
,
B. E.
King
, and
D. M.
Meekhof
,
J. Res. Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol.
103
,
259
(
1998
).
35.
J. N.
Tan
,
J. J.
Bollinger
, and
D. J.
Wineland
,
IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas.
44
,
144
(
1995
).
This content is only available via PDF.
You do not currently have access to this content.