Deuterium gas-puff z-pinches are very efficient laboratory sources of neutron pulses. Using a novel hybrid gas-puff load on the GIT-12 generator, a significant increase in the neutron yields up to is reached. At the same time, a very broad neutron energy spectrum up to energies on the order of tens of MeV is observed. In these experiments, the neutrons are produced not only by the D(d,n)3He (DD) nuclear reaction but also by reactions of multi-MeV deuterons with the experimental hardware. The angular distribution of the neutron fluence and dependence of the fluence on the distance from the z-pinch are measured using neutron activation diagnostics. By this method, a number of produced non-DD neutrons and anisotropy of DD neutron emission are evaluated.
References
1.
L. A.
Artsimovich
, A. M.
Andrianov
, E. N.
Dobrokhotov
, S. Y.
Lukyanov
, I. M.
Podgornyi
, V. I.
Sinitsyn
, and N. V.
Filippov
, “Penetrating radiation from pulse discharges
,” At. Energy
1
, 375
–377
(1956
).2.
J. D.
Sethian
, A. E.
Robson
, K. A.
Gerber
, and A. W.
DeSilva
, “Enhanced stability and neutron production in a dense z-pinch plasma formed from a frozen deuterium fiber
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
59
, 892
–895
(1987
).3.
D.
Klir
, J.
Kravarik
, P.
Kubes
, Y. L.
Bakshaev
, P.
Blinov
, A.
Chernenko
, S.
Danko
, V.
Korolev
, G.
Ustroev
, M.
Ivanov
, and C.
Hongchun
, “Deuterated fibre Z-pinch on the S-300 generator
,” Phys. Scr.
T123
, 116
–119
(2006
).4.
S. A.
Slutz
, J. E.
Bailey
, G. A.
Chandler
, G. R.
Bennett
, G.
Cooper
, J. S.
Lash
, S.
Lazier
, P.
Lake
, R. W.
Lemke
, T. A.
Mehlhorn
et al, “Dynamic hohlraum driven inertial fusion capsules
,” Phys. Plasmas
10
, 1875
–1882
(2003
).5.
C. L.
Ruiz
, G. W.
Cooper
, S. A.
Slutz
, J. E.
Bailey
, G. A.
Chandler
, T. J.
Nash
, T. A.
Mehlhorn
, R. J.
Leeper
, D.
Fehl
, A. J.
Nelson
et al, “Production of thermonuclear neutrons from deuterium-filled capsule implosions driven by z-pinch dynamic hohlraums
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
93
, 015001
(2004
).6.
D. D.
Ryutov
, M. S.
Derzon
, and M. K.
Matzen
, “The physics of fast z pinches
,” Rev. Mod. Phys.
72
, 167
–223
(2000
).7.
M. G.
Haines
, “A review of the dense z-pinch
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
53
, 093001
(2011
).8.
A.
Fisher
, F.
Maco
, and J.
Shiloh
, “Fast valve for gas injection into vacuum
,” Rev. Sci. Instrum.
49
, 872
–873
(1978
).9.
J.
Shiloh
, A.
Fisher
, and N.
Rostoker
, “Z-pinch of a gas-jet
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
40
, 515
–518
(1978
).10.
J.
Bailey
, Y.
Ettinger
, A.
Fisher
, and N.
Rostoker
, “Gas-puff z pinches with O2 and O2-Ar mixtures
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
40
, 460
–462
(1982
).11.
A. V.
Batyunin
, A. N.
Bulatov
, V. D.
Vikharev
, G.
Volkov
, V.
Zaytsev
, S.
Zakharov
, S.
Komarov
, S.
Nedoseev
, L.
Nikandrov
, L.
Oleinik
et al, “Issledovanie sverkhbystrogo deiterievogo z-pincha na ustanovke ‘angara-5-1’
,” Fiz. Plazmy
16
, 1027
–1035
(1990
).12.
A. V.
Batyunin
, A. N.
Bulatov
, V. I.
Zaitsev
, and G. M.
Oleinik
, “Neutron diagnostics on the Angara-5 assembly
,” Sov. At. Energy
71
, 981
–988
(1991
).13.
Z. A.
Al'bikov
, E. P.
Velikhov
, A. I.
Veretennikov
, V. A.
Glukhikh
, E. V.
Grabovskii
, G. M.
Gryaznov
, O. A.
Gusev
, G. N.
Zhemchuzhnikov
, V. I.
Zaitsev
, O. A.
Zolotovskii
et al, “Angara-5-1 experimental complex
,” At. Energy
68
, 34
–45
(1990
).14.
R. B.
Spielman
, G. T.
Baldwin
, G.
Cooper
, D.
Hebron
, T. V.
Hussey
, C.
Landron
, R.
Leeper
, S. F.
Lopez
, J. S.
McGurn
, D. J.
Muron
et al, “D-D fusion experiments using fast z pinches
,” Sandia Report, 1998
.15.
C. A.
Coverdale
, C.
Deeney
, A. L.
Velikovich
, R. W.
Clark
, Y. K.
Chong
, J.
Davis
, J.
Chittenden
, C. L.
Ruiz
, G. W.
Cooper
, A. J.
Nelson
et al, “Neutron production and implosion characteristics of a deuterium gas-puff z pinch
,” Phys. Plasmas
14
, 022706
(2007
).16.
C. A.
Coverdale
, C.
Deeney
, A. L.
Velikovich
, J.
Davis
, R. W.
Clark
, Y. K.
Chong
, J.
Chittenden
, S.
Chantrenne
, C. L.
Ruiz
, G. W.
Cooper
et al, “Deuterium gas-puff z-pinch implosions on the z accelerator
,” Phys. Plasmas
14
, 056309
(2007
).17.
D.
Klir
, J.
Kravarik
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, S. S.
Ananev
, Y. L.
Bakshaev
, P. I.
Blinov
, A. S.
Chernenko
, E. D.
Kazakov
, V. D.
Korolev
et al, “Neutron energy distribution function reconstructed from time-of-flight signals in deuterium gas-puff z-pinch
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
37
, 425
–432
(2009
).18.
D.
Klir
, J.
Kravarik
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, J.
Cikhardt
, E.
Litseva
, T.
Hyhlik
, S. S.
Ananev
, Y. L.
Bakshaev
, V. A.
Bryzgunov
et al, “Efficient production of 100 keV deuterons in deuterium gas puff Z-pinches at 2 MA current
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
52
, 065013
(2010
).19.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, F. I.
Fursov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, B. M.
Kovalchuk
, J.
Kravarik
, N. E.
Kurmaev
, A. Y.
Labetsky
et al, “Deuterium gas puff z-pinch at currents of 2 to 3 mega-ampere
,” Phys. Plasmas
19
, 032706
(2012
).20.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, A. Yu.
Labetsky
, K.
Rezac
, J.
Cikhardt
, F. I.
Fursov
, B. M.
Kovalchuk
, J.
Kravarik
et al, “Characterization of neutron emission from mega-ampere deuterium gas puff z-pinch at microsecond implosion times
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
55
, 085012
(2013
).21.
D.
Klir
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, J.
Cikhardt
, J.
Kravarik
, O.
Sila
, A. V.
Shishlov
, B. M.
Kovalchuk
, N. A.
Ratakhin
, V. A.
Kokshenev
et al, “Efficient neutron production from a novel configuration of deuterium gas-puff z-pinch
,” Phys. Rev. Lett.
112
, 095001
(2014
).22.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, A. Yu.
Labetsky
, K.
Rezac
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
et al, “Efficient generation of fast neutrons by magnetized deuterons in an optimized deuterium gas-puff z-pinch
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
57
, 044005
(2015
).23.
J.
Cikhardt
, D.
Klir
, K.
Rezac
, A. V.
Shishlov
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
, F. I.
Fursov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, J.
Kravarik
et al, “Neutron spectrum measured by activation diagnostics in deuterium gas-puff experiments on the 3 MA GIT-12 z-pinch
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
45
, 3209
(2017
).24.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, A. Yu.
Labetsky
, K.
Rezac
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
et al, “Deuterium z-pinch as a powerful source of multi-MeV ions and neutrons for advanced applications
,” Phys. Plasmas
23
, 032702
(2016
).25.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
, F. I.
Fursov
et al, “Ion acceleration mechanism in mega-ampere gas-puff z-pinches
,” New J. Phys.
20
, 053064
(2018
).26.
J. T.
Engelbrecht
, S. L.
Jackson
, A. A.
Mamonau
, A. R.
Beresnyak
, K.
Rezac
, J.
Cikhardt
, D.
Klir
, B. V.
Weber
, J. L.
Giuliani
, and J. W.
Schumer
, “Initial conditions in the HAWK dense plasma focus
,” in IEEE Pulsed Power Plasma Science (PPPS)
(2019
), pp. 1
–5
.27.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, S.
Buryskova
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
et al, “Acceleration of protons and deuterons up to 35MeV and generation of 1013 neutrons in a megaampere deuterium gas-puff z-pinch
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
61
, 014018
(2019
).28.
D.
Klir
, A. V.
Shishlov
, S. L.
Jackson
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, P.
Kubes
, K.
Rezac
, A. R.
Beresnyak
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
et al, “Spatial distribution of ion emission in gas-puff z-pinches and dense plasma foci
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
62
, 035009
(2020
).29.
D.
Klir
, S. L.
Jackson
, A. V.
Shishlov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, K.
Rezac
, A. R.
Beresnyak
, R. K.
Cherdizov
, J.
Cikhardt
, B.
Cikhardtova
, G. N.
Dudkin
, J. T.
Engelbrecht
, F. I.
Fursov
, J.
Krasa
, J.
Kravarik
, P.
Kubes
, N. E.
Kurmaev
, V.
Munzar
, N. A.
Ratakhin
, K.
Turek
, and V. A.
Varlachev
, “Ion acceleration and neutron production in hybrid gas-puff z-pinches on the GIT-12 and HAWK generators
,” Matter Radiat. Extremes
5
, 026401
(2020
).30.
M.
Drosg
, Handbook on Nuclear Activation Data
(International Atomic Energy Agency
, Vienna
, 1987
).31.
V. V.
Vikhrev
and V. D.
Korolev
, “Neutron generation from z-pinches
,” Plasma Phys. Rep.
33
, 356
–380
(2007
).32.
H.
Schmidt
, P.
Kubes
, M.
Sadowski
, and M.
Scholz
, “Neutron emission characteristics of pinched dense magnetized plasmas
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
34
, 2363
–2367
(2006
).33.
O.
Sila
, D.
Klir
, K.
Rezac
, B.
Cikhardtova
, and J.
Cikhardt
, “MCNP calculations of neutron emission anisotropy caused by the GIT-12 hardware
,” Nukleonika
60
, 323
–326
(2015
).34.
S. P.
Bugaev
, A. M.
Volkov
, A. A.
Kim
, V. N.
Kiselev
, B. M.
Kovalchuk
, N. F.
Kovsharov
, V. A.
Kokshenev
, N. E.
Kurmaev
, S. V.
Loginov
, G. A.
Mesyats
et al, “Giti6: A megajoule pulse generator with plasma switch for a z-pinch load
,” Russ. Phys. J.
40
, 1154
(1997
).35.
V. A.
Kokshenev
, A. Yu.
Labetsky
, B. M.
Kovalchuk
, S. A.
Chaikovsky
, A. V.
Fedunin
, F. I.
Fursov
, N. E.
Kurmaev
, A. G.
Rousskikh
, A. V.
Shishlov
, and N. A.
Zhidkova
, “Multi-shell plasma flow switch experiments on the GIT-12 generator
,” in 14th Symposium on High Current Electronics
, Tomsk, Russia, 10–15 September 2006, pp. 272
–275
.36.
R. J.
Leeper
, C. L.
Ruiz
, G. A.
Chandler
, G. W.
Cooper
, D. E.
Bower
, D. N.
Fittinghoff
, E. C.
Hagen
, J. R.
Hollaway
, I. J.
McKenna
, L. A.
McPherson
et al, “Zr neutron diagnostic suite
,” J. Phys.: Conf. Ser.
112
, 032076
(2008
).37.
S.
Jednorog
, A.
Szydlowski
, B.
Bienkowska
, and R.
Prokopowicz
, “The application of selected radionuclides for monitoring of the d-d reactions produced by dense plasma-focus device
,” J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
301
, 23
–31
(2014
).38.
S.
Jednorog
, M.
Paduch
, K.
Szewczak
, and E.
Laszynska
, “Radioindium and determination of neutron radial asymmetry for the PF-1000 plasma focus device
,” J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem.
303
, 941
–947
(2015
).39.
Standard Electrode Coaxial Ge Detector Data Sheet (Mirion Technologies,
2020
), available at https://mirion.s3.amazonaws.com/cms4_mirion/files/pdf/spec-sheets/ops-1441_sege_spec_sheet.pdf?1579447944.40.
A. J.
Koning
and D.
Rochman
, “Modern nuclear data evaluation with the TALYS code system
,” Nucl. Data Sheets
113
, 2841
–2934
(2012
).41.
D.
Rochman
, “TALYS-based evaluated nuclear data library
,” Sandia Meeting, Albuquerque, NM (2014
).42.
P. F.
Knapp
, D. B.
Sinars
, and K. D.
Hahn
, “Diagnosing suprathermal ion populations in z-pinch plasmas using fusion neutron spectra
,” Phys. Plasmas
20
, 062701
(2013
).43.
V. V.
Vikhrev
and A. D.
Mironenko-Marenkov
, “On the spectrum of z-pinch plasma neutrons
,” Plasma Phys. Rep.
38
, 225
–234
(2012
).44.
S.
Araki
, Y.
Watanabe
, T.
Kin
, N.
Shigyo
, and K.
Sagara
, “Measurement of double differential neutron yields from thick aluminum target irradiated by 9 MeV deuteron
,” in the Fourth International Symposium on Innovative Nuclear Energy Systems, INES-4
, 2015
[Energy Procedia
71
(Suppl. C
), 197
–204
].45.
K.
Rezac
, D.
Klir
, P.
Kubes
, and J.
Kravarik
, “Improvement of time-of-flight methods for reconstruction of neutron energy spectra from D(d,n)3He fusion reactions
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
54
, 105011
(2012
).46.
M. J.
Sadowski
and M.
Scholz
, “Results of large scale plasma-focus experiments and prospects for neutron yield optimization
,” Nukleonika
47
, 31
–37
(2002
).47.
S.
Jednorog
, A.
Szydlowski
, M.
Scholz
, M.
Paduch
, and B.
Bienkowska
, “Preliminary determination of angular distribution of neutrons emitted from PF-1000 facility by indium activation
,” Nukleonika
57
, 563
–568
(2012
).48.
P.
Kubes
, J.
Kravarik
, D.
Klir
, K.
Rezac
, M.
Bohata
, M.
Scholz
, M.
Paduch
, K.
Tomaszewski
, I.
Ivanova-Stanik
, L.
Karpinski
et al, “Determination of deuteron energy distribution from neutron diagnostics in a plasma-focus device
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
37
, 83
–87
(2009
).49.
M.
Sadowski
, J.
Zebrowski
, E.
Rydygier
, and J.
Kucinski
, “Ion emission from plasma-focus facilities
,” Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion
30
, 763
–769
(1988
).© 2020 Author(s).
2020
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.