In this study, low pressure non-thermal radiofrequency nitrogen plasma at very low power has been used to treat the artichoke seeds on the powered cathode for the first time. The influence of treatment time on the surface physical properties, germination rate, seedling growth, and enzyme activity of the seeds has been investigated. Results showed that plasma treatment considerably improved the germination rate and seedling growth. The root length grew by 28.5% and 50% and root dry weight increased by 13% and 53%, respectively, for 10 and 15 min of treatment. The same trend has been found for the shoot growth parameters although the greater stimulatory efficacy on root has been obtained. The nitrogen plasma treatment substantially made the seeds' surface hydrophilic which leads to 36.9% improvement in seed's water uptake at 15 min of treatment. Our study showed the activity of peroxidase and catalase enzymes slightly increased after the plasma treatment.
References
1.
Asada
, K.
, “Production and scavenging of reactive oxygen species in chloroplasts and their functions
,” Plant Physiol.
141
(2
), 391
–396
(2006
).2.
Basaran
, P.
and Akhan
, U.
, “Microwave irradiation of hazelnuts for the control of aflatoxin producing Aspergillus parasiticus
,” Innovative Food Sci. Emerging Technol.
11
(1
), 113
–117
(2010
).3.
Bewley
, J. D.
, “Seed germination and dormancy
,” Plant Cell
9
(7
), 1055
(1997
).4.
Bewley
, J. D.
, Bradford
, K.
, and Hilhorst
, H.
, Seeds: Physiology of Development, Germination and Dormancy
(Springer Science & Business Media
, 2012
).5.
Bormashenko
, E.
, Grynyov
, R.
, Bormashenko
, Y.
, and Drori
, E.
, “Cold radiofrequency plasma treatment modifies wettability and germination speed of plant seeds
,” Sci. Rep.
2
, 741
(2012
).6.
Bormashenko
, E.
, Shapira
, Y.
, Grynyov
, R.
, Whyman
, G.
, Bormashenko
, Y.
, and Drori
, E.
, “Interaction of cold radiofrequency plasma with seeds of beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)
,” J. Exp. Bot.
66
(13
), 4013
–4021
(2015
).7.
Bradford
, M. M.
, “A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding
,” Anal. Biochem.
72
(1–2
), 248
–254
(1976
).8.
Chance
, B.
and Maehly
, A. C.
, “Assay of catalase and peroxidase
,” Methods Enzymol.
2
, 764
–775
(1955
).9.
Chau
, T.
and Kao
, K.
, “Optical emission spectra of microwave oxygen plasmas and fabrication of SiO2 films
,” J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B
14
(1
), 527
–532
(1996
).10.
Chen
, H. H.
, Chen
, Y. K.
, and Chang
H. C.
, “Evaluation of physicochemical properties of plasma treated brown rice
,” Food Chem.
135
(1
), 74
–79
(2012
).11.
da Silva
, A. R. M.
, Farias
, M. L.
, da Silva
, D. L. S.
, Vitoriano
, J. O.
, de Sousa
, R. C.
, and Alves
, C.
, “Using atmospheric plasma to increase wettability, imbibition and germination of physically dormant seeds of Mimosa Caesalpiniafolia
,” Colloids Surf., B
157
, 280
–285
(2017
).12.
Dhayal
, M.
, Lee
, S. Y.
, and Park
, S. U.
, “Using low-pressure plasma for Carthamus tinctorium L. seed surface modification
,” Vacuum
80
(5
), 499
–506
(2006
).13.
Dobrin
, D.
, Magureanu
, M.
, Mandache
, N. B.
, and Ionita
, M. D.
, “The effect of non-thermal plasma treatment on wheat germination and early growth
,” Innovative Food Sci. Emerging Technol.
29
, 255
–260
(2015
).14.
Dubinov
, A. E.
, Kozhayeva
, J. P.
, and Zuimatch
, E. A.
, “Changing germination rate of brown mustard seeds after treatment with plasmas of nanosecond electric discharges
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
45
(2
), 294
–300
(2017
).15.
Fatyeyeva
, K.
, Dahi
, A.
, Chappey
, C.
, Langevin
, D.
, Valleton
, J. M.
, Poncin-Epaillard
, F.
, and Marais
, S.
, “Effect of cold plasma treatment on surface properties and gas permeability of polyimide films
,” RSC Adv.
4
(59
), 31036
–31046
(2014
).16.
Filatova
, I.
, Azharonok
, V.
, Lushkevich
, V.
, Zhukovsky
, A.
, Gadzhieva
, G.
, Spasic
, K.
, Zivkovic
, S.
, Puac
, N.
, Lazovic
, S.
, Malovic
, G.
, and Petrovic
, Z. L.
, “Plasma seeds treatment as a promising technique for seed germination improvement
,” in 31st International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases
, Granada, Spain
(2013
).17.
Gallardo
, K.
, Job
, C.
, Groot
, S. P.
, Puype
, M.
, Demol
, H.
, Vandekerckhove
, J.
, and Job
, D.
, “Proteomic analysis of Arabidopsis seed germination and priming
,” Plant Physiol.
126
(2
), 835
–848
(2001
).18.
Gómez-Ramírez
, A.
, López-Santos
, C.
, Cantos
, M.
, García
, J. L.
, Molina
, R.
, Cotrino
, J.
, Espinós
, J. P.
, and González-Elipe
, A. R.
, “Surface chemistry and germination improvement of Quinoa seeds subjected to plasma activation
,” Sci. Rep.
7
(1
), 5924
(2017
).19.
Han
, L. M.
, Timmons
, R. B.
, Lee
, W. W.
, Chen
, Y.
, and Hu
, Z.
, “Pulsed plasma polymerization of pentafluorostyrene: Synthesis of low dielectric constant films
,” J. Appl. Phys.
84
(1
), 439
–444
(1998
).20.
Henselová
, M.
, Slováková
, Ľ.
, Martinka
, M.
, and Zahoranová
, A.
, “Growth, anatomy and enzyme activity changes in maize roots induced by treatment of seeds with low-temperature plasma
,” Biologia
67
(3
), 490
–497
(2012
).21.
Ji
, S. H.
, Choi
, K. H.
, Pengkit
, A.
, Im
, J. S.
, Kim
, J. S.
, Kim
, Y. H.
, Park
, Y.
, Hong
, E. J.
, Jung
, S. K.
, Choi
, E. H.
, and Park
, G.
, “Effects of high voltage nanosecond pulsed plasma and micro DBD plasma on seed germination, growth development and physiological activities in spinach
,” Arch. Biochem. Biophys.
605
, 117
–128
(2016
).22.
Ji
, S. H.
, Kim
, T.
, Panngom
, K.
, Hong
, Y. J.
, Pengkit
, A.
, Park
, D. H.
, Kang
, M. H.
, Lee
, S. H.
, Im
, J. S.
, Kim
, J. S.
, Uhm
, H. S.
, Choi
, E. H.
, and Park
, G.
, “Assessment of the effects of nitrogen plasma and plasma‐generated nitric oxide on early development of Coriandum sativum
,” Plasma Processes Polymers
12
(10
), 1164
–1173
(2015
).23.
Jiafeng
, J.
, Xin
, H.
, Ling
, L. I.
, Jiangang
, L.
, Hanliang
, S.
, Qilai
, X.
, Renhong
, Y.
, and Yuanhua
, D.
, “Effect of cold plasma treatment on seed germination and growth of wheat
,” Plasma Sci. Technol.
16
(1
), 54
(2014
).24.
Jiayun
, T.
, Rui
, H.
, Xiaoli
, Z.
, Ruoting
, Z.
, Weiwen
, C.
, and Size
, Y.
, “Effects of atmospheric pressure air plasma pretreatment on the seed germination and early growth of Andrographis paniculata
,” Plasma Sci. Technol.
16
(3
), 260
(2014
).25.
Khamsen
, N.
, Onwimol
, D.
, Teerakawanich
, N.
, Dechanupaprittha
, S.
, Kanokbannakorn
, W.
, Hongesombut
, K.
, and Srisonphan
, S.
, “Rice (Oryza sativa L.) seed sterilization and germination enhancement via atmospheric hybrid nonthermal discharge plasma
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
8
(30
), 19268
–19275
(2016
).26.
Kitazaki
, S.
, Koga
, K.
, Shiratani
, M.
, and Hayashi
, N.
, “Growth enhancement of radish sprouts induced by low pressure O2 radio frequency discharge plasma irradiation
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
51
(1S
), 01AE01
(2012
).27.
Li
, Y.
, Wang
, T.
, Meng
, Y.
, Qu
, G.
, Sun
, Q.
, Liang
, D.
, and Hu
, S.
, “Air atmospheric dielectric barrier discharge plasma induced germination and growth enhancement of wheat seed
,” Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.
37
(6
), 1621
–1634
(2017
).28.
Ling
, L.
, Jiafeng
, J.
, Jiangang
, L.
, Minchong
, S.
, Xin
, H.
, Hanliang
, S.
, and Yuanhua
, D.
, “Effects of cold plasma treatment on seed germination and seedling growth of soybean
,” Sci. Rep.
4
, 5859
(2014
).29.
Lynikiene
, S.
, Pozeliene
, A.
, and Rutkauskas
, G.
, “Influence of corona discharge field on seed viability and dynamics of germination
,” Int. Agrophys.
20
(3
), 195
–200
(2006
).30.
Meng
, Y.
, Qu
, G.
, Wang
, T.
, Sun
, Q.
, Liang
, D.
, and Hu
, S.
, “Enhancement of germination and seedling growth of wheat seed using dielectric barrier discharge plasma with various gas sources
,” Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.
37
(4
), 1105
–1119
(2017
).31.
Miransari
, M.
and Smith
, D. L.
, “Plant hormones and seed germination
,” Environ. Exp. Bot.
99
, 110
–121
(2014
).32.
Mitra
, A.
, Li
, Y. F.
, Klämpfl
, T. G.
, Shimizu
, T.
, Jeon
, J.
, Morfill
, G. E.
, and Zimmermann
, J. L.
, “Inactivation of surface-borne microorganisms and increased germination of seed specimen by cold atmospheric plasma
,” Food Bioprocess Technol.
7
(3
), 645
–653
(2014
).33.
Ono
, R.
and Hayashi
, N.
, “Variation of antioxidative activity and growth enhancement of Brassicaceae induced by low-pressure oxygen plasma
,” Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., Part 1
54
(6S2
), 06GD03
(2015
).34.
Puligundla
, P.
, Kim
, J. W.
, and Mok
, C.
, “Effects of nonthermal plasma treatment on decontamination and sprouting of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seeds
,” Food Bioprocess Technol.
10
(6
), 1093
–1102
(2017
).35.
Qayyum
, A.
, Zeb
, S.
, Ali
, S.
, Waheed
, A.
, and Zakaullah
, M.
, “Optical emission spectroscopy of abnormal glow region in nitrogen plasma
,” Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.
25
(5
), 551
–564
(2005
).36.
Sadhu
, S.
, Thirumdas
, R.
, Deshmukh
, R. R.
, and Annapure
, U. S.
, “Influence of cold plasma on the enzymatic activity in germinating mung beans (Vigna radiate)
,” LWT-Food Sci. Technol.
78
, 97
–104
(2017
).37.
Selcuk
, M.
, Oksuz
, L.
, and Basaran
, P.
, “Decontamination of grains and legumes infected with Aspergillus spp. and Penicillum spp. by cold plasma treatment
,” Bioresour. Technol.
99
(11
), 5104
–5109
(2008
).38.
Šerá
, B.
, Spatenka
, P.
, Sery
, M.
, Vrchotova
, N.
, and Hruskova
, I.
, “Influence of plasma treatment on wheat and oat germination and early growth
,” IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci.
38
(10
), 2963
–2968
(2010
).39.
Šerá
, B.
, Stranák
, V.
, Serý
, M.
, Tichý
, M.
, and Spatenka
, P.
, “Germination of Chenopodium album in response to microwave plasma treatment
,” Plasma Sci. Technol.
10
(4
), 506
(2008
).40.
Šerá
, B.
, Šerý
, M.
, Štrañák
, V.
, Špatenka
, P.
, and Tichy
, M.
, “Does cold plasma affect breaking dormancy and seed germination? a study on seeds of Lamb's quarters (Chenopodium album agg.)
,” Plasma Sci. Technol.
11
(6
), 750
(2009
).41.
Shapira
, Y.
, Multanen
, V.
, Whyman
, G.
, Bormashenko
, Y.
, Chaniel
, G.
, Barkay
, Z.
, and Bormashenko
, E.
, “Plasma treatment switches the regime of wetting and floating of pepper seeds
,” Colloids Surf., B
157
, 417
–423
(2017
).42.
Sotomayor
, C.
, Frias
, J.
, Fornal
, J.
, Sadowska
, J.
, Urbano
, G.
, and Vidal-Valverde
, C.
, “Lentil starch content and its microscopical structure as influenced by natural fermentation
,” Starch
51
(5
), 152
–156
(1999
).43.
Stolárik
, T.
, Henselová
, M.
, Martinka
, M.
, Novák
, O.
, Zahoranová
, A.
, and Černák
, M.
, “Effect of low-temperature plasma on the structure of seeds, growth and metabolism of endogenous phytohormones in pea (Pisum sativum L.)
,” Plasma Chem. Plasma Process.
35
(4
), 659
–676
(2015
).44.
Volin
, J. C.
, Denes
, F. S.
, Young
, R. A.
, and Park
, S. M.
, “Modification of seed germination performance through cold plasma chemistry technology
,” Crop Sci.
40
(6
), 1706
–1718
(2000
).45.
Wan
, Z.
, Chen
, Y.
, Pankaj
, S. K.
, and Keener
, K. M.
, “High voltage atmospheric cold plasma treatment of refrigerated chicken eggs for control of Salmonella enteritidis contamination on egg shell
,” LWT-Food Sci. Technol.
76
, 124
–130
(2017
).46.
Wang
, X. Q.
, Zhou
, R. W.
, De Groot
, G.
, Bazaka
, K.
, Murphy
, A. B.
, and Ostrikov
, K. K.
, “Spectral characteristics of cotton seeds treated by a dielectric barrier discharge plasma
,” Sci. Rep.
7
(1
), 5601
(2017
).47.
Yang
, Y.
, Liu
, Q.
, Wang
, G. X.
, Wang
, X. D.
, and Guo
, J. Y.
, “Germination, osmotic adjustment, and antioxidant enzyme activities of gibberellin-pretreated Picea asperata seeds under water stress
,” New For.
39
(2
), 231
–243
(2010
).48.
Zeuner
, M.
, Neumann
, H.
, and Meichsner
, J.
, “Ion energy distributions in a dc biased rf discharge
,” J. Appl. Phys.
81
(7
), 2985
–2994
(1997
).49.
Zhang
, J. J.
, Jo
, J. O.
, Mongre
, R. K.
, Ghosh
, M.
, Singh
, A. K.
, Lee
, S. B.
, Mok
, Y. S.
, Hyuk
, P.
, and Jeong
, D. K.
, “Growth-inducing effects of argon plasma on soybean sprouts via the regulation of demethylation levels of energy metabolism-related genes
,” Sci. Rep.
7
, 41917
(2017
).50.
Zhou
, Z.
, Huang
, Y.
, Yang
, S.
, and Chen
, W.
, “Introduction of a new atmospheric pressure plasma device and application on tomato seeds
,” Agric. Sci.
2
(1
), 23
–27
(2011
).51.
Zhou
, R.
, Zhou
, R.
, Zhang
, X.
, Zhuang
, J.
, Yang
, S.
, Bazaka
, K.
, and Ostrikov
, K. K.
, “Effects of atmospheric-pressure N2, He, air, and O2 microplasmas on mung bean seed germination and seedling growth
,” Sci. Rep.
6
, 32603
(2016
).© 2018 Author(s).
2018
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
