We present measurements of the complex ion structure of warm dense carbon close to the melting line at pressures around 100 GPa. High-pressure samples were created by laser-driven shock compression of graphite and probed by intense laser-generated x-ray sources with photon energies of 4.75 keV and 4.95 keV. High-efficiency crystal spectrometers allow for spectrally resolving the scattered radiation. Comparing the ratio of elastically and inelastically scattered radiation, we find evidence for a complex bonded liquid that is predicted by ab-initio quantum simulations showing the influence of chemical bonds under these conditions. Using graphite samples of different initial densities we demonstrate the capability of spectrally resolved x-ray scattering to monitor the carbon solid-liquid transition at relatively constant pressure of 150 GPa. Showing first single-pulse scattering spectra from cold graphite of unprecedented quality recorded at the Linac Coherent Light Source, we demonstrate the outstanding possibilities for future high-precision measurements at 4th Generation Light Sources.
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May 2015
Research Article|
May 11 2015
The complex ion structure of warm dense carbon measured by spectrally resolved x-ray scatteringa) Available to Purchase
D. Kraus;
D. Kraus
b)
1Department of Physics,
University of California
, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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J. Vorberger;
J. Vorberger
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme
, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
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J. Helfrich;
J. Helfrich
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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D. O. Gericke;
D. O. Gericke
4Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics,
University of Warwick
, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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B. Bachmann;
B. Bachmann
5
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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V. Bagnoud;
V. Bagnoud
6
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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B. Barbrel;
B. Barbrel
1Department of Physics,
University of California
, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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A. Blažević;
A. Blažević
6
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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D. C. Carroll
;
D. C. Carroll
7Central Laser Facility,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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W. Cayzac;
W. Cayzac
6
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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T. Döppner;
T. Döppner
5
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
, Livermore, California 94550, USA
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L. B. Fletcher;
L. B. Fletcher
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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A. Frank;
A. Frank
9
Helmholtz-Institut Jena
, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
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S. Frydrych;
S. Frydrych
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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E. J. Gamboa;
E. J. Gamboa
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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M. Gauthier;
M. Gauthier
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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S. Göde;
S. Göde
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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E. Granados;
E. Granados
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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G. Gregori;
G. Gregori
10Department of Physics,
University of Oxford
, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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N. J. Hartley;
N. J. Hartley
10Department of Physics,
University of Oxford
, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
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B. Kettle;
B. Kettle
11Centre for Plasma Physics,
Queen's University Belfast
, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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H. J. Lee;
H. J. Lee
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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B. Nagler;
B. Nagler
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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P. Neumayer;
P. Neumayer
6
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
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M. M. Notley;
M. M. Notley
7Central Laser Facility,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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A. Ortner
;
A. Ortner
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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A. Otten;
A. Otten
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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A. Ravasio;
A. Ravasio
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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D. Riley;
D. Riley
11Centre for Plasma Physics,
Queen's University Belfast
, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
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F. Roth;
F. Roth
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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G. Schaumann;
G. Schaumann
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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D. Schumacher
;
D. Schumacher
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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W. Schumaker;
W. Schumaker
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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K. Siegenthaler;
K. Siegenthaler
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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C. Spindloe
;
C. Spindloe
7Central Laser Facility,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
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F. Wagner;
F. Wagner
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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K. Wünsch;
K. Wünsch
4Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics,
University of Warwick
, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
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S. H. Glenzer;
S. H. Glenzer
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
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M. Roth;
M. Roth
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
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R. W. Falcone
R. W. Falcone
1Department of Physics,
University of California
, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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D. Kraus
1,b)
J. Vorberger
2
J. Helfrich
3
D. O. Gericke
4
B. Bachmann
5
V. Bagnoud
6
B. Barbrel
1
A. Blažević
6
D. C. Carroll
7
W. Cayzac
6
T. Döppner
5
L. B. Fletcher
8
A. Frank
9
S. Frydrych
3
E. J. Gamboa
8
M. Gauthier
8
S. Göde
8
E. Granados
8
G. Gregori
10
N. J. Hartley
10
B. Kettle
11
H. J. Lee
8
B. Nagler
8
P. Neumayer
6
M. M. Notley
7
A. Ortner
3
A. Otten
3
A. Ravasio
8
D. Riley
11
F. Roth
3
G. Schaumann
3
D. Schumacher
3
W. Schumaker
8
K. Siegenthaler
3
C. Spindloe
7
F. Wagner
3
K. Wünsch
4
S. H. Glenzer
8
M. Roth
3
R. W. Falcone
1
1Department of Physics,
University of California
, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
2
Max-Planck-Institut für Physik komplexer Systeme
, Nöthnitzer Straße 38, 01187 Dresden, Germany
3Institut für Kernphysik,
Technische Universität Darmstadt
, Schlossgartenstraße 9, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany
4Centre for Fusion, Space and Astrophysics, Department of Physics,
University of Warwick
, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
5
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
, Livermore, California 94550, USA
6
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH
, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
7Central Laser Facility,
STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory
, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
8
SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory
, Menlo Park California 94309, USA
9
Helmholtz-Institut Jena
, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743 Jena, Germany
10Department of Physics,
University of Oxford
, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PU, United Kingdom
11Centre for Plasma Physics,
Queen's University Belfast
, University Road, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
Phys. Plasmas 22, 056307 (2015)
Article history
Received:
November 14 2014
Accepted:
February 04 2015
Citation
D. Kraus, J. Vorberger, J. Helfrich, D. O. Gericke, B. Bachmann, V. Bagnoud, B. Barbrel, A. Blažević, D. C. Carroll, W. Cayzac, T. Döppner, L. B. Fletcher, A. Frank, S. Frydrych, E. J. Gamboa, M. Gauthier, S. Göde, E. Granados, G. Gregori, N. J. Hartley, B. Kettle, H. J. Lee, B. Nagler, P. Neumayer, M. M. Notley, A. Ortner, A. Otten, A. Ravasio, D. Riley, F. Roth, G. Schaumann, D. Schumacher, W. Schumaker, K. Siegenthaler, C. Spindloe, F. Wagner, K. Wünsch, S. H. Glenzer, M. Roth, R. W. Falcone; The complex ion structure of warm dense carbon measured by spectrally resolved x-ray scattering. Phys. Plasmas 1 May 2015; 22 (5): 056307. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4920943
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