Comparative spectra and efficiencies of ions laser-accelerated forward from the front and rear surfaces of thin solid foils

The maximum energy of protons that are accelerated forward by high-intensity, short-pulse lasers from either the front or rear surfaces of thin metal foils is compared for a large range of laser intensities and pulse durations. In the regime of moderately long laser pulse durations $(300–850fs)$⁠, and for high laser intensities $[(1−6)×1019W∕cm2]$⁠, rear-surface acceleration is shown experimentally to produce higher energy particles with smaller divergence and a higher efficiency than front-surface acceleration. For similar laser pulse durations but for lower laser intensities $(2×1018Wcm−2)$⁠, the same conclusion is reached from direct proton radiography of the electric fields associated with proton acceleration from the rear surface. For shorter $(30–100fs)$ or longer $(1–10ps)$ laser pulses, the same predominance of rear-surface acceleration in producing the highest energy protons is suggested by simulations and by comparison of analytical models with measured values. For this purpose, we have revised our previous analytical model of rear-surface acceleration [J. Fuchs et al., Nat. Phys. 2, 48 (2006)] to adapt it to the very short pulse durations. Finally, it appears, for the explored parameters, that rear-surface acceleration is the dominant mechanism.