Linear and nonlinear analysis of a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier with misaligned electron beam

This paper presents linear and self-consistent nonlinear theories to describe the beam-wave interaction in a gyrotron traveling wave amplifier (gyro-TWA) with a misaligned electron beam. A linear theory based on the linearized Vlasov equations is developed by using Laplace transforms. By setting appropriate initial values of the electron guiding center, the nonlinear theory without misalignment can be used to study the misalignment effect. The two theories are in good agreement in the small-signal region for the gyro-TWA. The effects of beam misalignment on the $TE01$ mode gyro-TWA operating at the fundamental are discussed and the corresponding physical mechanism is analyzed.