This experimental work investigates the impact dynamics of drops on vertically oriented, three-dimensional-printed (3D-printed) fiber arrays with variations in packing density, fiber arrangement, and wettability. These fiber arrays are inspired by mammalian fur, and while not wholly representative of the entire morphological range of fur, they do reside within its spectrum. We define an aspect ratio, a modified fiber porosity relative to the drop size, that characterizes various impact regimes. Using energy conservation, we derive a model relating drop penetration depth in vertical fibers to the Weber number. In sparse fibers where the Ohnesorge number is less than , penetration depth scales linearly with the impact Weber number. In hydrophobic fibers, density reduces penetration depth when the contact angle is sufficiently high. Hydrophilic arrays have greater penetration than their hydrophobic counterparts due to capillarity, a result that contrasts the drop impact-initiated infiltration of horizontal fibers. Vertical capillary infiltration of the penetrated liquid is observed whenever the Bond number is less than 0.11. For hydrophilic fibers, we predict that higher density will promote drop penetration when the contact angle is sufficiently low. Complete infiltration by the drop is achieved at sufficient times regardless of drop impact velocity.
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Dynamic drop penetration of vertically oriented fiber arrays
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February 2025
Research Article|
February 04 2025
Dynamic drop penetration of vertically oriented fiber arrays
Gene Patrick S. Rible
;
Gene Patrick S. Rible
(Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Visalsaya Chakpuang;
Visalsaya Chakpuang
(Data curation, Investigation)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Aidan D. Holihan;
Aidan D. Holihan
(Data curation, Investigation)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Hannah P. Sebek;
Hannah P. Sebek
(Data curation, Investigation)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Hannah H. Osman;
Hannah H. Osman
(Data curation, Investigation)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Kyle R. Brown;
Kyle R. Brown
(Data curation, Investigation)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Wei Wang
;
Wei Wang
(Resources)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
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Andrew K. Dickerson
Andrew K. Dickerson
a)
(Conceptualization, Funding acquisition, Project administration, Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing)
Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, University of Tennessee
, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
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a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: [email protected]
Physics of Fluids 37, 022108 (2025)
Article history
Received:
November 05 2024
Accepted:
January 03 2025
Citation
Gene Patrick S. Rible, Visalsaya Chakpuang, Aidan D. Holihan, Hannah P. Sebek, Hannah H. Osman, Kyle R. Brown, Wei Wang, Andrew K. Dickerson; Dynamic drop penetration of vertically oriented fiber arrays. Physics of Fluids 1 February 2025; 37 (2): 022108. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0246986
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