To respond the expansion of urban centers, the proliferation of high-rise buildings demands a better understanding of the aerodynamic phenomena around skyway bridges connecting these structures. This analysis, utilizing the advanced computational fluid dynamics verified by wind tunnel test data, investigates the wind characteristics around such bridges, crucial for structural stability, pedestrian comfort, and aerodynamic efficiency. This study focuses on the interactions between a 2 × 2 building array with a building height-to-street width ratio of 30 and a skyway bridge, investigating those factors such as bridge influence, building structures, building height, and bridge position. Using the three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations along with the Reynolds stress model for turbulence closure, the results show that the presence of skyway bridge significantly modifies local wind patterns. Wind speed and turbulence intensity are impacted differently based on the bridge's upstream or downstream settings. Downstream bridges tend to reduce wind speeds due to the sheltering effects, while upstream placement of bridge can enhance wind flow, affecting both the structural design and pedestrian comfort. Additionally, building height variations adjacent to the bridge influence wind velocity and pressure profiles, with taller buildings intensifying wind speeds at lower levels because of the channeling effects. These insights are pivotal for optimizing the skyway bridge designs to improve airflow distribution, enhance environmental sustainability, and ease wind-caused disturbances, offering a guideline for future architectural and urban planning in high-rise districts.

1.
D.
Lee
and
C.
Park
, “
Typology of skybridges in Asia
,”
J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng.
21
,
663
(
2022
).
2.
L.
Chen
,
F. L.
Ponta
, and
L. I.
Lago
, “
Perspectives on innovative concepts in wind-power generation
,”
Energy Sustainable Develop.
15
,
398
(
2011
).
3.
Y.-H.
Juan
, “
Analysis of urban wind energy potential around high-rise buildings in close proximity using computational fluid dynamics
,” Ph.D. thesis (
Eindhoven University of Technology
,
2021
).
4.
A.-S.
Yang
,
Y.-M.
Su
,
C.-Y.
Wen
,
Y.-H.
Juan
,
W.-S.
Wang
, and
C.-H.
Cheng
, “
Estimation of wind power generation in dense urban area
,”
Appl. Energy
171
,
213
(
2016
).
5.
Y.-H.
Juan
,
A.-S.
Yang
,
C.-Y.
Wen
,
Y.-T.
Lee
, and
P.-C.
Wang
, “
Optimization procedures for enhancement of city breathability using arcade design in a realistic high-rise urban area
,”
Build. Environ.
121
,
247
(
2017
).
6.
B.
Blocken
and
J.
Carmeliet
, “
Pedestrian wind environment around buildings: Literature review and practical examples
,”
J. Therm. Envelope Build. Sci.
28
,
107
(
2004
).
7.
Z.
Shen
,
F.
Wang
,
C.
Feng
,
J.
Hao
, and
H.
Xia
, “
Experimental and numerical study on buffeting force characteristics of the π-shaped bridge deck
,”
Phys. Fluids
36
,
025170
(
2024
).
8.
H.
Meng
,
G.
Chen
, and
D.
Gao
, “
Aerodynamics and surrounding flow patterns of a long-span bridge girder model with triple-separated boxes
,”
Phys. Fluids
36
,
035134
(
2024
).
9.
H.
Jing
,
W.
Li
,
Y.
Su
,
W.
Zhao
,
J.
Zhang
,
M.
Qiao
, and
Q.
Liu
, “
Numerical study of wind characteristics at a long-span bridge site in mountain valley
,”
Phys. Fluids
36
(
3
),
035131
(
2024
).
10.
X.
Chen
,
L.
Yu
,
J.
Huo
,
X.
Wang
,
S.
Wang
,
X.
Guo
, and
M.
Wang
, “
Experimental study on the smoke diffusion length affected by canyon winds in the open section of railway tunnel groups
,”
Int. J. Therm. Sci.
200
,
108957
(
2024
).
11.
I. J.
Taylor
and
M.
Vezza
, “
A numerical investigation into the aerodynamic characteristics and aeroelastic stability of a footbridge
,”
J. Fluids Struct.
25
,
155
(
2009
).
12.
H.
Zhi
,
Z.
Qiu
,
W.
Wang
,
G.
Wang
,
Y.
Hao
, and
Y.
Liu
, “
The influence of a viaduct on PM dispersion in a typical street: Field experiment and numerical simulations
,”
Atmos. Pollut. Res.
11
,
815
(
2020
).
13.
C.
Hao
,
X.
Xie
,
Y.
Huang
, and
Z.
Huang
, “
Study on influence of viaduct and noise barriers on the particulate matter dispersion in street canyons by CFD modeling
,”
Atmos. Pollut. Res.
10
,
1723
(
2019
).
14.
I. J.
Taylor
,
M.
Vezza
, and
I.
Salisbury
, “
Numerical investigation of the effects of pedestrian barriers on aeroelastic stability of a proposed footbridge
,”
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
96
,
2418
(
2008
).
15.
T.
Ming
,
F.
He
,
Y.
Wu
,
T.
Shi
,
C.
Su
,
C.
Wang
,
Z.
Li
,
W.
Chen
, and
R.
de Richter
, “
The effect of noise barriers on viaducts on pollutant dispersion in complex street canyons
,”
Energy Built Environ.
4
,
589
(
2023
).
16.
A.
Tadeu
,
F.
Marques da Silva
,
B.
Ramezani
,
A.
Romero
,
L.
Škerget
, and
F.
Bandeira
, “
Experimental and numerical evaluation of the wind load on the 516 Arouca pedestrian suspension bridge
,”
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
220
,
104837
(
2022
).
17.
C.
Zhang
,
C.-Y.
Wen
,
Y.-H.
Juan
,
Y.-T.
Lee
,
Z.
Chen
,
A.-S.
Yang
, and
Z.
Li
, “
Accelerating flow simulations in the built environment by using the fast fluid dynamics initializer
,”
Build. Environ.
253
,
111274
(
2024
).
18.
N. M.
Isa
,
N.
Nasir
,
A.
Sadikin
, and
J.
Bahara
, “
Investigation of wind behaviour around high-rise buildings
,”
IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng.
243
,
012037
(
2017
).
19.
Q. M. Z.
Iqbal
and
A. L. S.
Chan
, “
Pedestrian level wind environment assessment around group of high-rise cross-shaped buildings: Effect of building shape, separation and orientation
,”
Build. Environ.
101
,
45
(
2016
).
20.
Y.-H.
Juan
,
Z.
Li
,
Y.-T.
Lee
,
C.-Y.
Wen
, and
A.-S.
Yang
, “
Effect of wind-based climate-responsive design on city breathability of a compact high-rise city
,”
J. Build. Eng.
78
,
107773
(
2023
).
21.
L.
Chen
,
C. M.
Mak
,
J.
Hang
,
Y.
Dai
,
J.
Niu
, and
K. T.
Tse
, “
Large eddy simulation study on pedestrian-level wind environments around elevated walkways and influential factors in ideal urban street canyons
,”
Build. Environ.
235
,
110236
(
2023
).
22.
L.
Chen
,
C. M.
Mak
,
J.
Hang
, and
Y.
Dai
, “
Influence of elevated walkways on outdoor thermal comfort in hot-humid climates based on on-site measurement and CFD modeling
,”
Sustainable Cities Soc.
100
,
105048
(
2024
).
23.
G.
Duan
,
P.
Brimblecombe
,
Y. L.
Chu
, and
K.
Ngan
, “
Turbulent flow and dispersion inside and around elevated walkways
,”
Build. Environ.
173
,
106711
(
2020
).
24.
S.
Bas
and
R. F.
Smith
, “
Harnessing energy in tall buildings: Bahrain world trade center and beyond
,” in
8th World Congress Proceedings Dubai
(
CTBUH
,
2008
).
25.
J.
Franke
and
A.
Baklanov
,
Best Practice Guideline for the CFD Simulation of Flows in the Urban Environment: COST Action 732 Quality Assurance and Improvement of Microscale Meteorological Models
(
Meteorological Institute
,
2007
).
26.
M.
Casey
,
T.
Wintergerste
, and
European Research Community on Flow, Turbulence and Combustion
,
ERCOFTAC Best Practice Guidelines: ERCOFTAC Special Interest Group on “Quality and Trust in Industrial CFD”
(
ERCOFTAC
,
London
,
2000
).
27.
Y.-H.
Juan
,
A.
Rezaeiha
,
H.
Montazeri
,
B.
Blocken
,
C.-Y.
Wen
, and
A.-S.
Yang
, “
CFD assessment of wind energy potential for generic high-rise buildings in close proximity: Impact of building arrangement and height
,”
Appl. Energy
321
,
119328
(
2022
).
28.
Y.-H.
Juan
,
A.
Rezaeiha
,
H.
Montazeri
,
B.
Blocken
, and
A.-S.
Yang
, “
Improvement of wind energy potential through building corner modifications in compact urban areas
,”
J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn.
248
,
105710
(
2024
).
29.
F.
Toja-Silva
,
C.
Peralta
,
O.
Lopez-Garcia
,
J.
Navarro
, and
I.
Cruz
, “
On roof geometry for urban wind energy exploitation in high-rise buildings
,”
Computation
3
(
2
),
299
325
(
2015
).
30.
F.
Toja-Silva
,
O.
Lopez-Garcia
,
C.
Peralta
,
J.
Navarro
, and
I.
Cruz
, “
An empirical–heuristic optimization of the building-roof geometry for urban wind energy exploitation on high-rise buildings
,”
Appl. Energy
164
,
769
(
2016
).
31.
W. D.
Janssen
,
B.
Blocken
, and
T.
van Hooff
, “
Pedestrian wind comfort around buildings: Comparison of wind comfort criteria based on whole-flow field data for a complex case study
,”
Build. Environ.
59
,
547
(
2013
).
32.
Netherlands Standards
, “
Wind comfort and wind danger in the built environment
,” NEN 8100: 2006 (Netherlands Standards, 2006).
33.
D. M. S.
Madalozzo
,
A. L.
Braun
,
A. M.
Awruch
, and
I. B.
Morsch
, “
Numerical simulation of pollutant dispersion in street canyons: Geometric and thermal effects
,”
Appl. Math. Modell.
38
,
5883
(
2014
).
34.
Y. H.
Juan
,
C. Y.
Wen
,
W. Y.
Chen
, and
A. S.
Yang
, “
Numerical assessments of wind power potential and installation arrangements in realistic highly urbanized areas
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
135
,
110165
(
2021
).
35.
A.
Gagliano
,
F.
Nocera
, and
S.
Aneli
, “
Computational fluid dynamics analysis for evaluating the urban heat island effects
,”
Energy Procedia
134
,
508
(
2017
).
36.
H.
Ma
,
X.
Zhou
,
Y.
Tominaga
, and
M.
Gu
, “
CFD simulation of flow fields and pollutant dispersion around a cubic building considering the effect of plume buoyancies
,”
Build. Environ.
208
,
108640
(
2022
).
37.
Z.
Li
,
H.
Zhang
,
C.-Y.
Wen
,
A.-S.
Yang
, and
Y.-H.
Juan
, “
Effects of frontal area density on outdoor thermal comfort and air quality
,”
Build. Environ.
180
,
107028
(
2020
).
38.
D.-p.
Guo
,
T.-x.
Han
,
F.
Yang
,
Y.-p.
Li
,
J.-f.
Zhang
, and
X.-f.
Wang
, “
Numerical simulation studies of the flow field and pollutant diffusion around street canyons under different thermal stratifications
,”
Atmos. Pollut. Res.
14
,
101829
(
2023
).
You do not currently have access to this content.