Grid fins are unconventional control surfaces configured by a grid of cells within an outer frame; this grid acts as multiple lifting surfaces, and the pattern of the cells strongly affects the grid fin's performance. In this study, three-dimensional simulations were performed using a computational fluid dynamic approach with a k–ω shear stress transport turbulence model to investigate the effect of grid patterns on fin aerodynamic characteristics. Three fin models were designed, including square, tri, and hexa grid patterns, to be more independently comparative; other parameters consisting of the outer frame's dimensions, internal web's thickness, chord length, dragging area, and grid cell area were kept similar between the models. The Mach numbers 0.7, 1.2, and 2.5 corresponding to subsonic, transonic, and supersonic regimes were investigated for varying angles of attack from −5° to 15° for each fin model. The aerodynamic efficiency of grid fins is appreciably improved by increasing the normal force coefficient (CN) while reducing the area force coefficient (CA) and hinge moment coefficient (CHM). The results underscore the hexa grid pattern's superiority, with CN increasing by 2.2% and CA decreasing by 1.92% compared to the square model (the original model) at Mach number 0.7. Especially, the hexa model exhibited a substantial decrease in CHM, with the largest difference being 56.8% compared to the square model at Mach 2.5.
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