Extrusion-based bioprinting is a powerful tool for fabricating complex cell-laden constructs. Embedded ink writing (EIW) is an extrusion-based printing technique wherein a nozzle embedded into a support bath writes continuous filaments. Because it allows for low-viscosity inks, EIW is particularly useful for bioprinting. One of the largest challenges in extrusion-based bioprinting is limiting the damage that cells experience inside the nozzle. Longer shear stress durations and higher shear stress magnitudes lead to more damage. Shape fidelity is also critical for bioprinting. Filaments in EIW can exhibit defects such as sharp edges and large aspect ratios, which can lead to porosity, surface roughness, and poor mechanical properties in the final part. We use numerical computational fluid dynamics simulations in OpenFOAM to evaluate whether common shear stress mitigation techniques improve cell viability without causing shape defects. Critically, we find that using a conical nozzle, increasing the nozzle diameter, decreasing the print speed, and decreasing the ink viscosity can improve the viability of stress magnitude-sensitive cells, but using a conical nozzle, increasing the nozzle length, and decreasing the print speed can increase damage in stress duration-sensitive cells. Additionally, using a conical nozzle or a larger nozzle can lead to larger shape defects in printed filaments. Material selection and printing parameter selection in embedded bioprinting should take into account allowable shape defects, allowable cell damage, and cell type.
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August 2022
Research Article|
August 30 2022
Simulated stress mitigation strategies in embedded bioprinting
Special Collection:
Advanced Rheology of Complex Fluids for Next-Generation Technologies
Leanne M. Friedrich
;
Leanne M. Friedrich
a)
(Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Supervision, Visualization, Writing – original draft)
1
National Institute of Standards and Technology
, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Leanne.Friedrich@nist.gov
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Ross T. Gunther
;
Ross T. Gunther
(Data curation, Investigation, Methodology, Software, Visualization, Writing – review & editing)
2
Georgia Institute of Technology
, North Ave. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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Jonathan E. Seppala
Jonathan E. Seppala
(Resources, Supervision, Writing – review & editing)
1
National Institute of Standards and Technology
, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USA
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a)Author to whom correspondence should be addressed: Leanne.Friedrich@nist.gov
Note: This paper is part of the special topic, Advanced Rheology of Complex Fluids for Next-Generation Technologies.
Physics of Fluids 34, 083112 (2022)
Article history
Received:
June 10 2022
Accepted:
August 04 2022
Citation
Leanne M. Friedrich, Ross T. Gunther, Jonathan E. Seppala; Simulated stress mitigation strategies in embedded bioprinting. Physics of Fluids 1 August 2022; 34 (8): 083112. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0102573
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