This paper investigates the production of a yeast-free pizza by gas foaming and the use of rheology to guide the process design. The novel process relies on the use of a gaseous blowing agent and a pressure program to form and stabilize bubbles during baking, avoiding the use of yeast and the associated lengthy leavening stage. The evolution of the dough structure during baking has been studied by a rheological characterization at leavening and baking conditions. These experimental pieces of information have been used to evaluate the time available for blowing agent sorption under pressure during early baking stage, and to guide the pressure release during the final baking, to achieve an optimally foamed pizza.
References
1.
A. H.
Bakare
, O. F.
Osundahunsi
, and J. O.
Olusanya
, “Rheological, baking, and sensory properties of composite bread dough with breadfruit (Artocarpus communis Forst) and wheat flours
,” Food Sci. Nutr.
4
, 573
–587
(2016
).2.
D.
Shweta
, D.
Sayantani
, J.
Moses
, V.
Balasubramaniam
, and C.
Anandharamakrishnan
, “Foaming characteristics of beverages and its relevance to food processing
,” Food Eng. Rev.
12
, 229
–250
(2020
).3.
A.
Cappelli
, L.
Bettaccini
, and E.
Cini
, “The kneading process: A systematic review of the effects on dough rheology and resulting bread characteristics, including improvement strategies
,” Trends Food Sci. Technol.
104
, 91
–101
(2020
).4.
M.
Baire
, A.
Melis
, M.
BrunoLodi
, A.
Fanti
, and G.
Mazzarella
, “Study and design of a wireless sensors network for the optimization of bread manufacturing process
,” in 2018 26th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR)
(IEEE
, 2018
), pp. 1
–4
.5.
M.
Stanke
, V.
Zettel
, S.
Schütze
, and B.
Hitzmann
, “Measurement and mathematical modeling of the relative volume of wheat dough during proofing
,” J. Food Eng.
131
, 58
–64
(2014
).6.
G.
Narsimhan
, “Model for growth of bubbles during proofing of viscoelastic dough
,” Bubble Sci. Eng. Technol.
4
, 63
–71
(2012
).7.
D.
Grenier
, C.
Rondeau-Mouro
, K. B.
Dedey
, M.-H.
Morel
, and T.
Lucas
, “Gas cell opening in bread dough during baking
,” Trends Food Sci. Technol.
109
, 482
–498
(2021
).8.
A.
Pérez-Nieto
, J.
Chanona-Pérez
, R.
Farrera-Rebollo
, G.
Gutiérrez-López
, L.
Alamilla-Beltrán
, and G.
Calderón-Domínguez
, “Image analysis of structural changes in dough during baking
,” LWT—Food Sci. Technol.
43
, 535
–543
(2010
).9.
H.-M.
Lai
and T.-C.
Lin
, “Bakery products: Science and technology
,” in Bakery Products
(John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
, 2006
), Chap. 1, pp. 3
–68
.10.
B. M.
Bell
, N.
Chamberlain
, T. H.
Collins
, D. G.
Daniels
, and N.
Fisher
, “The composition, rheological properties and breadmaking behaviour of stored flours
,” J. Sci. Food Agric.
30
, 1111
–1122
(1979
).11.
S. P.
Cauvain
and L. S.
Young
, Technology of Breadmaking
(Springer
, Boston, MA
, 2007
), p. 397
.12.
D. R.
Altman
and L. T.
Chiaramonte
, “Public perception of food allergy
,” J. Allergy Clin. Immunol.
97
, 1247
–1251
(1996
).13.
See https://www.ansa.it/canale_terraegusto/notizie/in_breve/2019/06/12/prodotti-senza-lievito-graditi-dall872-degli-italiani_eba7b703-842e-4a01-a875-ee749e41ba5f.html for “
Prodotti senza lievito, graditi dall'87.2% degli italiani
” (last accessed January 1, 2022).14.
15.
Z.
Hicsasmaz
, E.
Dogan
, C.
Chu
, and S. S.
Rizvi
, “Leavened dough processing by supercritical fluid extrusion (SCFX)
,” J. Agric. Food Chem.
51
, 6191
–6197
(2003
).16.
G.
Della Valle
, H.
Chiron
, L.
Cicerelli
, K.
Kansou
, K.
Katina
, A.
Ndiaye
, M.
Whitworth
, and K.
Poutanen
, “Basic knowledge models for the design of bread texture
,” Trends Food Sci. Technol.
36
, 5
–14
(2014
).17.
P.
Babin
, G.
Della Valle
, H.
Chiron
, P.
Cloetens
, J.
Hoszowska
, P.
Pernot
, A.
Réguerre
, L.
Salvo
, and R.
Dendievel
, “Fast x-ray tomography analysis of bubble growth and foam setting during breadmaking
,” J. Cereal Sci.
43
, 393
–397
(2006
).18.
E.
Chiotellis
and G. M.
Campbell
, “Proving of bread dough I: Modelling the evolution of the bubble size distribution
,” Food Bioprod. Process.
81
, 194
–206
(2003
).19.
J.
Rouillé
, H.
Chiron
, P.
Colonna
, G.
Della Valle
, and D.
Lourdin
, “Dough/crumb transition during French bread baking
,” J. Cereal Sci.
52
, 161
–169
(2010
).20.
H.
Elmehdi
, J.
Page
, and M.
Scanlon
, “Monitoring dough fermentation using acoustic waves
,” Food Bioprod. Process.
81
, 217
–223
(2003
).21.
C.
Brondi
, M. R.
Di Caprio
, G.
Scherillo
, E. D.
Maio
, T.
Mosciatti
, S.
Cavalca
, V.
Parenti
, M.
Corti
, and S.
Iannace
, “Thermosetting polyurethane foams by physical blowing agents: Chasing the synthesis reaction with the pressure
,” J. Supercrit. Fluids
154
, 104630
(2019
).22.
D.
Kim
, Y.
Seol
, and Y.
Kim
, “Numerical study on rheology of two-dimensional dry foam
,” Phys. Fluids
33
, 052111
(2021
).23.
R. S.
Andersen
, “Wheat-flour dough rheology
,” in The Chemical Physics of Food
, edited by P.
Belton
(Blackwell Publishing Ltd
, 2007
), Chap. 7.24.
B.
Dobraszczyk
and M.
Morgenstern
, “Rheology and the breadmaking process
,” J. Cereal Sci.
38
, 229
–245
(2003
).25.
R. K.
Connelly
and R. L.
McIntier
, “Rheological properties of yeasted and nonyeasted wheat doughs developed under different mixing conditions
,” J. Sci. Food Agric.
88
, 2309
–2323
(2008
).26.
R. K.
Schofield
, G. W. S.
Blair
, and E. J.
Russell
, “The relationship between viscosity, elasticity and plastic strength of a soft material as illustrated by some mechanical properties of flour dough II
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
139
, 557
–566
(1933
).27.
R. K.
Schofield
and G. W. S.
Blair
, “The relationship between viscosity, elasticity and plastic strength of a soft material as illustrated by some mechanical properties of flour dough. III
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
141
, 72
–85
(1933
).28.
A. H.
Bloksma
, “Dough structure, dough rheology, and baking quality
,” Cereal Foods World
35
, 237
–244
(1990
).29.
N.
Phan-Thien
, M.
Newberry
, and R. I.
Tanner
, “Non-linear oscillatory flow of a soft solid-like viscoelastic material
,” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.
92
, 67
–80
(2000
).30.
R. I.
Tanner
, S.-C.
Dai
, and F.
Qi
, “Bread dough rheology and recoil: 2. Recoil and relaxation
,” J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech.
143
, 107
–119
(2007
).31.
P. L.
Weegels
, F.
Groeneweg
, E.
Esselink
, R.
Smit
, R.
Brown
, and D.
Ferdinando
, “Large and fast deformations crucial for the rheology of proofing dough
,” Cereal Chem.
80
, 424
–426
(2003
).32.
F.
Le Bleis
, L.
Chaunier
, H.
Chiron
, G.
Della Valle
, and L.
Saulnier
, “Rheological properties of wheat flour dough and French bread enriched with wheat bran
,” J. Cereal Sci.
65
, 167
–174
(2015
).33.
A.
Angioloni
and M.
Dalla Rosa
, “Dough thermo-mechanical properties: Influence of sodium chloride, mixing time and equipment
,” J. Cereal Sci.
41
, 327
–331
(2005
).34.
A.
Salvador
, T.
Sanz
, and S.
Fiszman
, “Dynamic rheological characteristics of wheat flour–water doughs. Effect of adding NaCl, sucrose and yeast
,” Food Hydrocolloids
20
, 780
–786
(2006
).35.
A. P.
Singh
and M.
Bhattacharya
, “Development of dynamic modulus and cell opening of dough during baking
,” J. Texture Stud.
36
, 44
–67
(2005
).36.
R.
Upadhyay
, D.
Ghosal
, and A.
Mehra
, “Characterization of bread dough: Rheological properties and microstructure
,” J. Food Eng.
109
, 104
–113
(2012
).37.
R. I.
Tanner
, S.-C.
Dai
, and F.
Qi
, “Bread dough rheology in biaxial and step-shear deformations
,” Rheol. Acta
47
, 739
–749
(2008
).38.
S.
Costanzo
, A.
Banc
, A.
Louhichi
, E.
Chauveau
, B.
Wu
, M.-H.
Morel
, and L.
Ramos
, “Tailoring the viscoelasticity of polymer gels of gluten proteins through solvent quality
,” Macromolecules
53
, 9470
–9479
(2020
).39.
A.
Banc
, J.
Pincemaille
, S.
Costanzo
, E.
Chauveau
, M.-S.
Appavou
, M.-H.
Morel
, P.
Menut
, and L.
Ramos
, “Phase separation dynamics of gluten protein mixtures
,” Soft Matter
15
, 6160
–6170
(2019
).40.
M. C.
Belz
, L. A.
Ryan
, and E. K.
Arendt
, “The impact of salt reduction in bread: A review
,” Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr.
52
, 514
–524
(2012
).41.
M.
Keentok
, M. P.
Newberry
, P.
Gras
, F.
Bekes
, and R. I.
Tanner
, “The rheology of bread dough made from four commercial flours
,” Rheol. Acta
41
, 173
–179
(2002
).42.
M.
Safari-Ardi
and N.
Phan-Thien
, “Stress relaxation and oscillatory tests to distinguish between doughs prepared from wheat flours of different varietal origin
,” Cereal Chem.
75
, 80
–84
(1998
).43.
K.
Wehrle
, H.
Grau
, and E.
Arendt
, “Effects of lactic acid, acetic acid, and table salt on fundamental rheological properties of wheat dough
,” Cereal Chem.
74
, 739
–744
(1997
).44.
P.
Masi
, S.
Cavella
, and M.
Sepe
, “Characterization of dynamic viscoelastic behavior of wheat flour doughs at different moisture contents
,” Cereal Chem.
75
, 428
–432
(1998
).45.
Commission Regulation (EU)
, “Entering a name in the register of traditional specialities guaranteed, [Pizza Napoletana (TSG)]
,” Off. J. Eur. Union
34
, 7
–16
(2010
).46.
P.
Masi
, A.
Romano
, and E.
Coccia
, “Il processo di lavorazione artigianale della pizza napoletana
,” in La Pizza Napoletana. Più di Una Notizia Scientifica Sul Processo di Lavorazione Artigianale
(Doppiavoce
, Napoli, NA
, 2015
), pp. 67
–99
.47.
S.
Mirzaagha
, R.
Pasquino
, E.
Iuliano
, G.
D'Avino
, F.
Zonfrilli
, V.
Guida
, and N.
Grizzuti
, “The rising motion of spheres in structured fluids with yield stress
,” Phys. Fluids
29
, 093101
(2017
).48.
C. A.
Schneider
, W. S.
Rasband
, and K. W.
Eliceiri
, “NIH image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis
,” Nat. Methods
9
, 671
–675
(2012
).49.
R. G.
Larson
, The Structure and Rheology of Complex Fluids
(Oxford University Press
, New York
, 1999
), Vol. 150
.50.
D.
Tammaro
, V.
Contaldi
, M. P.
Carbone
, E. D.
Maio
, and S.
Iannace
, “A novel lab-scale batch foaming equipment: The mini-batch
,” J. Cell. Plast.
52
, 533
–543
(2016
).51.
M.
Kara
, D.
Sivri
, and H.
Köksel
, “Effects of high protease-activity flours and commercial proteases on cookie quality
,” Food Res. Int.
38
, 479
–486
(2005
).52.
J. K.
Mackenzie
, “The elastic constants of a solid containing spherical holes
,” Proc. Phys. Soc., London, Sect. B
63
, 2
–11
(1950
).53.
P.
Shah
, G.
Campbell
, S.
Mckee
, and C.
Rielly
, “Proving of bread dough: Modelling the growth of individual bubbles
,” Food Bioprod. Process.
76
, 73
–79
(1998
).54.
A.
Miś
, A.
Nawrocka
, and D.
Dziki
, “Identification of baking expansion phases of leavened dough using an experimental approach
,” Food Bioprocess Technol.
9
, 892
–903
(2016
).55.
D.
Gabriele
, B.
de Cindio
, and P.
D'Antona
, “A weak gel model for foods
,” Rheol. Acta
40
, 120
–127
(2001
).56.
B.
Dobraszczyk
and M. P.
Morgenstern
, “Rheology and breadmaking process
,” J. Cereal Sci.
38
(3
), 229
–245
(2003
).57.
L.
Trinh
, T.
Lowe
, G.
Campbell
, P.
Withers
, and P.
Martin
, “Bread dough aeration dynamics during pressure step-change mixing: Studies by x-ray tomography, dough density and population balance modelling
,” Chem. Eng. Sci.
101
, 470
–477
(2013
).58.
E.
Mills
, P.
Wilde
, L.
Salt
, and P.
Skeggs
, “Bubble formation and stabilization in bread dough
,” Food Bioprod. Process.
81
, 189
–193
(2003
).59.
E. D.
Maio
, S.
Iannace
, and G.
Mensitieri
, “Mass transport of low molecular weight compounds in polymers
,” Supercrit. Fluid Sci. Technol.
9
, 179
–230
(2021
).60.
H. E.
Park
and J. M.
Dealy
, “Effects of pressure and supercritical fluids on the viscosity of polyethylene
,” Macromolecules
39
, 5438
–5452
(2006
).61.
B.
Singh
, S. S.
Rizvi
, and P.
Harriott
, “Measurement of diffusivity and solubility of carbon dioxide in gelatinized starch at elevated pressures
,” Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.
35
, 4457
–4463
(1996
).62.
J.
Zhang
, A. K.
Datta
, and S.
Mukherjee
, “Transport processes and large deformation during baking of bread
,” AIChE J.
51
, 2569
–2580
(2005
).63.
M. F. B.
Aissa
, S.
Bahloul
, J.-Y.
Monteau
, and A.
Le-Bail
, “Effect of temperature on the solubility of CO2 in bread dough
,” Int. J. Food Prop.
18
, 1097
–1109
(2015
).64.
E. D.
Maio
, G.
Mensitieri
, S.
Iannace
, L.
Nicolais
, W.
Li
, and R.
Flumerfelt
, “Structure optimization of polycaprolactone foams by using mixtures of CO2 and N2 as blowing agents
,” Polym. Eng. Sci.
45
, 432
–441
(2005
).65.
M. R.
Barzegari
and D.
Rodrigue
, “The effect of injection molding conditions on the morphology of polymer structural foams
,” Polym. Eng. Sci.
49
, 949
–959
(2009
).66.
K.
Taki
, T.
Nakayama
, T.
Yatsuzuka
, and M.
Ohshima
, “Visual observations of batch and continuous foaming processes
,” J. Cell. Plast.
39
, 155
–169
(2003
).67.
C.
Bisperink
, A.
Ronteltap
, and A.
Prins
, “Bubble-size distributions in foams
,” Adv. Colloid Interface Sci.
38
, 13
–32
(1992
).© 2022 Author(s). Published under an exclusive license by AIP Publishing.
2022
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.