A computational fluid dynamics-discrete element-immersed boundary method (CFD-DEM-IBM method) was developed for Cartesian grid simulation of the hydrodynamics and heat transfer of compressible gas–solid flow, where the interaction of gas and complex geometries was modeled using the IBM. The IBM was first validated by simulating single-phase flow past a circular cylinder at different Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers; it was shown that the drag coefficient, the lift coefficient, the Strouhal number, and the Nusselt number are all in excellent agreement with the data available in the literature. The CFD-DEM-IBM method was then used to study the tube-to-bed heat transfer of compressible gas–solid in a bubbling fluidized bed with an immersed tube. It was found that the profiles of the overall averaged and local distribution of the heat transfer coefficient (HTC) are in general agreement with the experimental data, although the locations of the maximal local HTC are slightly different from the experimental result. The simulation results demonstrated that the proposed CFD-DEM-IBM method is an efficient tool to study the heat transfer problem in fluidized beds with complex geometries.
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