Supercooled large droplet (SLD), which can cause abnormal icing, is a well-known issue in aerospace engineering. Although efforts have been exerted to understand large droplet impact dynamics and the supercooled feature in the film/substrate interface, respectively, the thermodynamic effect during the SLD impact process has not received sufficient attention. This work conducts experimental studies to determine the effects of drop size on the thermodynamics for supercooled large droplet impingement. Through phenomenological reproduction, the rapid-freezing characteristics are observed in diameters of 400, 800, and 1300 μm. The experimental analysis provides information on the maximum spreading rate and the shrinkage rate of the drop, the supercooled diffusive rate, and the freezing time. A physical explanation of this unsteady heat transfer process is proposed theoretically, which indicates that the drop size is a critical factor influencing the supercooled heat exchange and effective heat transfer duration between the film/substrate interface. On the basis of the present experimental data and theoretical analysis, an impinging heating model is developed and applied to typical SLD cases. The model behaves as anticipated, which underlines the wide applicability to SLD icing problems in related fields.
REFERENCES
1.
Airplane and Engine Certification Requirements in Supercooled Large Drop, Mixed Phase, and Ice Crystal Icing Conditions; Final Rule, Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration edition, Final Rule, 2014.
2.
D. R.
Miller
and M. G.
Potapczuk
, “Preliminary investigation of ice shape sensitivity to parameter variations
,” AIAA Paper 2005-73, 2005.3.
D. R.
Miller
and M. G.
Potapczuk
, “Additional investigations of ice shape sensitivity to parameter variations
,” AIAA Paper 2006-469, 2006.4.
M. G.
Potapczuk
, “Aircraft icing research at NASA Glenn Research Center
,” J. Aerosp. Eng.
26
, 260
(2013
).5.
In-Flight Icing Encounter and Crash into the Seatransasia Airway Flight 791 ATR72-200, B-2270817 Kilometers Southwest of Makung City, Penghu Island, Taiwan, GE791 Occurrence Investigation ASC-AOR-05-04-001 (Reno, NV, December 2002).
6.
B. L.
Messinger
, “Equilibrium temperature of an unheated icing surface as a function of airspeed
,” J. Aeronaut. Sci.
20
, 29
–42
(1953
).7.
S.
Jung
, M. K.
Tiwari
, N. V.
Doan
, and D.
Poulikakos
, “Mechanism of supercooled droplet freezing on surfaces
,” Nat. Commun.
3
, 615
(2012
).8.
A.
Wierzba
, “Deformation and breakup of liquid drops in a gas stream at nearly critical weber numbers
,” Exp. Fluids
9
, 59
–64
(1990
).9.
C.
Mundo
, M.
Sommerfeld
, and C.
Tropea
, “Droplet-wall collisions: Experimental studies of the deformation and breakup process
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
21
, 151
–173
(1995
).10.
R. W.
Gent
, J. M.
Ford
, R. J.
Moser
, and D.
Miller
, “Results from super-cooled large droplet mass loss tests in the ACT luton icing wind tunnel
,” AIAA Paper 2003-389, 2003.11.
S.
Tan
, “Tentative mass loss model for simulating water droplet splash
,” AIAA Paper 2004-410, 2004.12.
S. C.
Tan
and M.
Papadakis
, “Simulation of SLD impingement on a high-lift airfoil
,” AIAA Paper 2006-463, 2006.13.
S. C.
Tan
, M.
Papadakis
, D.
Miller
, T.
Bencic
, P.
Tate
, and M. C.
Laun
, “Experimental study of large droplet splashing and breakup
,” AIAA Paper 2007-904, 2007.14.
B. F.
Bathel
, N.
Stephen
, L.
Johnson
, and A.
Ratner
, “Prediction of postcontact parameters of fluid droplet impact on a smooth surface
,” AIAA J.
45
, 1725
–1733
(2007
).15.
J. M. M.
Barata
and A. R. R.
Silva
, “Numerical study of impinging droplets through a crossflow
,” AIAA Paper 2008-3923, 2008.16.
R.
Honsek
and W. G.
Habashi
, “Eulerian modeling of in-flight icing due to supercooled large droplets
,” J. Aircr.
45
, 1290
–1296
(2008
).17.
M.
Quero
, D. W.
Hammond
, R.
Purvis
, and F. T.
Smith
, “Analysis of super-cooled water droplet impact on a thin water layer and ice growth
,” AIAA Paper 2006-466, 2006.18.
H.
Fujimoto
, “Three-dimensional numerical analysis of the deformation behavior of droplets impinging onto a solid substrate
,” Int. J. Multiphase Flow
33
, 317
–332
(2007
).19.
A.
Moita
and A.
Moreira
, “Experimental study on fuel drop impacts onto rigid surfaces: Morphological comparisons, disintegration limits and secondary atomization
,” Proc. Combust. Inst.
31
, 2175
–2183
(2007
).20.
A.
Karev
, M.
Farzaneh
, and E.
Lozowski
, “Character and stability of a wind-driven supercooled waterfilm on an icing surface. I. Laminar heat transfer
,” Int. J. Therm. Sci.
42
, 481
–498
(2003
).21.
A.
Karev
, M.
Farzaneh
, and E.
Lozowski
, “Character and stability of a wind-driven supercooled water film on an icing surface. II. Transition and turbulent heat transfer
,” Int. J. Therm. Sci.
42
, 499
–511
(2003
).22.
A.
Rothmayer
, “Scaling laws for water and ice layers on airfoils
,” AIAA Paper 2003-1217, 2003.23.
S.
Otta
and A.
Rothmayer
, “Instability of stagnation line icing
,” Comput. Fluids
38
, 273
–283
(2009
).24.
W.
Kong
and H.
Liu
, “An ice accretion model for aircraft icing based on supercooled icing: Theory and application
,” AIAA Paper 2012-1205, 2012.25.
W.
Kong
and H.
Liu
, “Development and theoretical analysis of an aircraft supercooled icing model
,” J. Aircr.
51
, 975
(2014
).26.
T.
Myers
and D. W.
Hammond
, “Ice and water film growth from incoming supercooled droplets
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
42
, 2233
–2242
(1999
).27.
T.
Brakel
, J.
Charpin
, and T.
Myers
, “One-dimensional ice growth due to incoming supercooled droplets impacting on a thin conducting substrate
,” Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer
50
, 1694
–1705
(2007
).28.
N.
Jalili
, “Piezoelectric-based vibration control: From macro to micro/nano scale systems
,” M.S. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology
, Boston, 2010
.29.
R. F.
Kunz
, S. W.
D’Amico
, P.
Vassallo
, and M. A.
Zaccaria
, “LDV measurement of confined parallel jet mixing
,” J. Fluids Eng.
123
, 567
–573
(2001
).30.
C. D.
Stow
and M. G.
Hadfield
, “An experimental investigation of fluid flow resulting from the impact of a water drop with an unyielding dry surface
,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A
373
, 419
–441
(1981
).31.
F. P.
Incropera
and D. P.
DeWitt
, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer
, 5th ed. (McGraw-Hill
, New York
, 2002
), pp. 389
–395
.32.
U.
Grigull
and H.
Sandner
, Heat Conduction
(Hemisphere Publishing Corporation
, Washington
, 1984
), pp. 91
–92
.33.
A.
Campo
, “Rapid determination of spatio-temporal temperatures and heat transfer in simple bodies cooled by convection: Usage of calculators in lieu of Heisler-Grober charts
,” Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transfer
24
, 553
–564
(1997
).34.
T. G.
Myers
, “Extension to the messinger model for aicraft icing
,” AIAA J.
39
, 211
–218
(2001
).35.
M. G.
Potapczuk
, “Ice mass measurements: Implications for the ice accretion process
,” AIAA Paper 2003-387, 2003.36.
W. B.
Wright
and M. G.
Potapczuk
, “Semi-empirical modeling of SLD physics
,” AIAA Paper 2004-412, 2004.37.
W. B.
Wright
, “Validation results for LEWICE 3.0
,” AIAA Paper 2005-1243, 2005.© 2016 Author(s).
2016
Author(s)
You do not currently have access to this content.
