The whistle in a steam kettle provides a near-perfect example of a hole tone system, in which two orifice plates are held a short distance apart in a cylindrical duct. This setup leads to distinct audible tones for a large range of flow rates. The main objective of the current paper is to understand the physical mechanism behind the generation of hole tones (whistling of steam kettles). A variety of experiments were undertaken, primarily focusing on how the acoustics of the hole tone system varied depending on the flow rate, whistle geometry, and upstream duct length. These were supplemented by flow visualisation experiments using water. The results show that the whistle's behaviour is divided into two regions of operation. The first, occurring at Reynolds numbers (based on orifice diameter and jet velocity) below Reδ ≈ 2000, exhibits a near-constant frequency behaviour. A mathematical model based on a Helmholtz resonator has been developed for this part of the mechanism. The second, for Reynolds numbers greater than Reδ ≈ 2000, the whistle exhibits a constant Strouhal number behaviour. A physical model has been developed to describe this part of the mechanism where the resonant modes of the upstream duct are coupled with the vortex shedding at the jet exit.
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October 2013
Research Article|
October 03 2013
The aeroacoustics of a steam kettle
R. H. Henrywood;
R. H. Henrywood
Engineering Department,
University of Cambridge
, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
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A. Agarwal
A. Agarwal
Engineering Department,
University of Cambridge
, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
Search for other works by this author on:
R. H. Henrywood
A. Agarwal
Engineering Department,
University of Cambridge
, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1PZ, United Kingdom
Physics of Fluids 25, 107101 (2013)
Article history
Received:
December 18 2012
Accepted:
September 04 2013
Citation
R. H. Henrywood, A. Agarwal; The aeroacoustics of a steam kettle. Physics of Fluids 1 October 2013; 25 (10): 107101. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4821782
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