A novel technique for the self-assembly of three-dimensional mesoscopic structures in a forced fluid flow by employing a magnetic field is described. There are advantages of using magnetic fields for this purpose: unlike many other forces, a magnetic force is effective even from a distance, permitting “action at a distance,” it is also localized, and competition between the magnetic force and fluid shear enables unique self-assembled ferrofluid structures. Herein, a simulation provides insight into the possibility of using magnetic field to assemble colloidal nanoparticles into aggregates. Subsequently, a demonstration experiment is conducted to characterize the development and decay of such aggregates. The analysis provides a basis for developing effective self-assembly techniques for various engineering applications.
REFERENCES
1.
P.
Alstrom
and D.
Stassinopoulos
, “Versatility and adaptive performance
,” Phys. Rev. E
51
, 5027
(1995
).2.
E. W.
Seeling
, B.
Tang
, A.
Yamilov
, H.
Cao
, and R. P.H.
Chang
, “Self-assembled 3D photonic crystals from ZnO colloidal spheres
,” Mater. Chem. Phys.
80
, 257
(2003
).3.
R. R.A.
Syms
, E. M.
Yeatman
, V. M.
Bright
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, “Surface tension-powered self-assembly of micro structures—The state-of-the-art
,” J. Micromech. Microeng.
12
, 387
(2003
).4.
P. K.
Maini
, K. J.
Painter
, and H. N.P.
Chau
, “Spatial pattern formation in chemical and biological systems
,” J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.
93
, 3601
(1997
).5.
R.
Kapral
, “Pattern-formation in chemical-systems
,” Physica D
86
, 149
(1995
).6.
B. A.
Grzybowski
, A.
Winkleman
, J. A.
Wiles
, Y.
Brumer
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, “Electrostatic self-assembly of macroscopic crystals using contact electrification
,” Nat. Mater.
2
, 241
(2003
).7.
N.
Bowden
, A.
Terfort
, J.
Carbeck
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, “Self-assembly of mesoscale objects into ordered two-dimensional arrays
,” Science
276
, 233
(1997
).8.
H-J. J.
Yeh
and J. S.
Smith
, “Fluidic self-assembly for the integration of GaAs light-emitting-diodes on Si substrates
,” IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett.
6
, 706
(1994
).9.
J. C.
Shelley
and M. Y.
Shelley
, “Computer simulation of surfactant solutions
,” Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci.
5
, 101
(2000
).10.
S.
Anders
, S.
Sun
, C. B.
Murray
, C. T.
Rettner
, M. E.
Best
, T.
Thomson
, M.
Albrecht
, J.-U.
Thiele
, E. E.
Fullerton
, and B. D.
Terris
, “Lithography and self-assembly for nanometer scale magnetism
,” Microelectron. Eng.
61-62
, 569
(2002
).11.
T. L.
Breen
, J.
Tien
, S. R.J.
Oliver
, T.
Hadzic
, and G. M.
Whitesides
, “Design and self-assembly of open, regular, 3D mesostructures
,” Science
284
, 948
(1999
).12.
B. M.
Berkovsky
, Proceedings of the International Advanced Course and Workshop on Thermomechanics of Magnetic Fluids
, edited by B.
Berkovsky
(Hemisphere
, Washington, DC, 1978
), p. 149
13.
Q.
Chen
and Z. J.
Zhang
, “Size-dependent superparamagnetic properties of MgFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanocrystallites
,” Appl. Phys. Lett.
73
, 3156
(1998
).14.
V. E.
Fertman
, Magnetic Fluids Handbook: Properties and Application
(Hemisphere
, New York, 1988
).15.
16.
S.
Odenbach
, “Ferrofluids—magnetically controlled suspensions
,” Colloids Surf., A
217
, 171
(2003
).17.
R. E.
Goldstein
, D. P.
Jackson
, and S. A.
Langer
, “Dynamics of pattern-formation in magnetic fluids
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
122
, 267
(1993
).18.
I. J.
Jang
, H. E.
Horng
, Y. C.
Chiou
, C.-Y.
Hong
, J. M.
Yu
, and H. C.
Yang
, “Pattern formation in microdrops of magnetic fluids
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
201
, 317
(1999
).19.
B.
Yellen
, G.
Friedman
, and A.
Feinerman
, “Printing superparamagnetic colloidal particle arrays on patterned magnetic film
,” J. Appl. Phys.
93
, 7331
(2003
).20.
A. G.
Boudouvis
and L. E.
Scriven
, “Sensitivity analysis of hysteresis in deformation of ferrofluid drops
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
122
, 254
(1993
).21.
A.
Sinha
, R.
Ganguly
, and I. K.
Puri
, “Magnetically assembled 3-d mesoscopic patterns using a suspension of superparamagnetic nanoparticles
,” ASME Integrated Nanosystems—Design, Synthesis and Applications, Pasadena, CA, September 2004
, Paper No. NANO2004-46091.22.
H.
Hartshorne
, C. J.
Backhouse
, and W. E.
Lee
, “Ferrofluid-based microchip pump and valve
,” Sens. Actuators B
99
, 592
(2004
).23.
A. S.
Lubbe
, C.
Bergemann
, J.
Brock
, and D. G.
McClure
, “Physiological aspects in magnetic drug-targeting
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
194
, 149
(1999
).24.
P. A.
Voltairas
, D. I.
Fotiadis
, and L. K.
Michalis
, “Hydrodynamics of magnetic drug targeting
,” J. Biomech.
35
, 813
(2002
).25.
R.
Ganguly
, S.
Sen
, and I. K.
Puri
, “Heat transfer augmentation using a magnetic fluid under the influence of a line-dipole
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
271
, 63
(2004
).26.
R.
Ganguly
, S.
Sen
, and I. K.
Puri
, “Thermomagnetic convection in a square enclosure using a line dipole
,” Phys. Fluids
16
, 2228
(2004
).27.
A.
Lange
, “Kelvin force in a layer of magnetic fluid
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
241
, 327
(2002
).28.
G. A.
van Ewijk
, G. J.
Vroege
, and A. P.
Phillipse
, “Susceptibility measurements on a fractionated aggregate-free ferrofluid
,” J. Phys.: Condens. Matter
14
, 4915
(2002
).29.
M. I.
Shliomis
and V. I.
Stepanov
, “Rotational viscosity of magnetic fluids—contribution of the Brownian and Neel relaxational processes
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
122
, 196
(1993
).30.
H. W.
Müller
and A.
Engel
, “Dissipation in ferrofluids: Mesoscopic versus hydrodynamic theory
,” Phys. Rev. E
60
, 7001
(1999
).31.
D. J.
Griffiths
, Introduction to Electrodynamics
, 3rd ed. (Prentice-Hall
, New Delhi, 2002
) (reprint).32.
Equation (9) (p. 369) for zero-free current (i.e., ) implies that . Using Maxwell’s equation for , i.e., , one gets, . However, the body force around a single particle is computed from the volume integral , where the particle of volume is surrounded by the carrier fluid having zero magnetization and Eq. (12) (p. 370) leads to the expression of the force on a single particle as .
33.
R. F.
Probestein
, Physicochemical Hydrodynamics
(Wiley
, New York, 1994
).34.
C. W.
Hirt
, B. D.
Nicols
, and N. C.
Romero
, “SOLA—a numerical algorithm for transient fluid flows
,” Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Report No. LA-5852, Los Alamos, NM, 1975
.35.
S. V.
Patankar
, Numerical Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow
(Hemisphere
, Washington, DC, 1980
).36.
J. J.
Becker
, F. E.
Luborsky
, and D. L.
Martin
, “Permanent magnet materials
,” IEEE Trans. Magn.
4
(2
), 84
(1968
).37.
E.
Blūms
, J.
Plavinš
, and A.
Chukhrov
, “High-gradient magnetic separation of magnetic colloids and suspensions
,” J. Magn. Magn. Mater.
39
, 147
(1983
).38.
D.
Kim
and H.
Choi
, “Laminar flow past a hemisphere
,” Phys. Fluids
15
, 2457
(2003
).© 2005 American Institute of Physics.
2005
American Institute of Physics
You do not currently have access to this content.
