This article deals with the Australian total energy consumption related to economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission in which total energy consumption is sub-divided into renewable and non-renewable energy consumption. The aim of this study is to determine the nexus between all energy elements with gross domestic product and CO2 emission using the Cobb-Douglas equation. The study is based on the Australian panel data over the period from 1976–1977 to 2012–2013. Vector error correction model and generalized method of moments were used to estimate the variables for the relationship between energy variables. The proposed model shows good agreement with the data available on the bioenergy production and consumption in Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development countries. In this model, oil price, oil consumption, carbon tax, renewable energy technology, population growth, urbanization, etc., have been considered as model variables or governing factors. The results show the bidirectional relationship between energy consumption, economic growth, and CO2 emission. The proposed energy economic model is focused on resilient strategic investment decisions on CO2 emission intensive sectors like electricity generation and the transport sector. The model can be used to determine and understand the relationship between reduction of CO2 emission and economic growth in Australia.

1.
A.
Omri
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth nexus in MENA countries: Evidence from simultaneous equations models
,”
Energy Econ.
40
,
657
664
(
2013
).
2.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
A.
Omri
,
M. M. K.
Bhuiya
, and
M. H.
Ali
, “
Modelling of renewable energy economy in Australia
,”
Energy Procedia
61
,
1902
1906
(
2014
).
3.
M.
Le Dû
,
Y.
Dutil
,
D. R.
Rousse
,
P. L.
Paradis
, and
D.
Groulx
, “
Economic and energy analysis of domestic ground source heat pump systems in four Canadian cities
,”
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
7
(
5
),
053113
(
2015
).
4.
G. E.
Halkos
and
N. G.
Tzeremes
, “
Renewable energy consumption and economic efficiency: Evidence from European countries
,”
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
5
(
4
),
041803
(
2013
).
5.
H. C.
Ong
,
T. M. I.
Mahlia
, and
H. H.
Masjuki
, “
A review on energy scenario and sustainable energy in Malaysia
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
15
(
1
),
639
647
(
2011
).
6.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
T.
Ahasan
, and
S. F.
Ahmed
, “
Energy scenario: Production, consumption and prospect of renewable energy in Australia
,”
J. Power Energy Eng.
2
(
4
),
19
25
(
2014
).
7.
Administration USEI, see http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/ieo/ for International Energy Outlook
2013
.
8.
Q.
Yu
,
S. M.
Roe
,
S.
Xu
,
S.
Williamson
,
N.
Cui
,
J.
Jin
, and
T. D.
Peterson
, “
China-U.S. cooperation on China's subnational low carbon planning toolkit development and application
,”
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
7
(
4
),
041501
(
2015
).
9.
S. A.
Abdul-Wahab
,
A.
Lohi
,
K.
Yetilmezsoy
,
A.
Elkamel
, and
K.
Chan
, “
Modeling of formaldehyde and nitrogen oxides from a proposed renewable energy biogas facility in Canada
,”
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
6
(
4
),
043121
(
2014
).
10.
M.
Mofijur
,
H. H.
Masjuki
,
M. A.
Kalam
,
S. M.
Ashrafur Rahman
, and
H. M.
Mahmudul
, “
Energy scenario and biofuel policies and targets in ASEAN countries
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
46
,
51
61
(
2015
).
11.
K.
Penney
,
A.
Schultz
,
A.
Ball
, and
N.
Hitchins
, see http://www.bree.gov.au/documents/publications/energy-in-aust/energy-in-australia-2012.pdf for Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Energy in Australia 2012, 2012 (last accessed December 11,
2013
).
12.
T.
Willcock
,
N.
Che
, and
C.
McCluskey
, see
http://
www.bree.gov.au/documents/publications/energy-in-aust/BREE-EnergyInAustralia-2013.pdf for Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Energy in Australia 2013, 2013 (last accessed January 15,
2014
).
13.
J.
van Ettinger
, “
Sustainable use of energy: A normative energy scenario: 1990–2050
,”
Energy Policy
22
(
2
),
111
118
(
1994
).
14.
P.
Sadorsky
, “
The effect of urbanization on CO2 emissions in emerging economies
,”
Energy Econ.
41
(
0
),
147
153
(
2014
).
15.
H. H.
Masjuki
,
T. M. I.
Mahlia
,
I. A.
Choudhury
, and
R.
Saidur
, “
Potential CO2 reduction by fuel substitution to generate electricity in Malaysia
,”
Energy Convers. Manage.
43
(
6
),
763
770
(
2002
).
16.
M.
Mofijur
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
J.
Hyde
,
A. K.
Azad
,
R.
Mamat
, and
M. M. K.
Bhuiya
, “
Role of biofuel and their binary (diesel–biodiesel) and ternary (ethanol–biodiesel–diesel) blends on internal combustion engines emission reduction
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
53
,
265
278
(
2016
).
17.
J.
Bushnell
,
Y.
Chen
, and
M.
Zaragoza-Watkins
, “
Downstream regulation of CO2 emissions in California's electricity sector
,”
Energy Policy
64
(
0
),
313
323
(
2014
).
18.
S.
Kirsten
, “
Renewable energy sources act and trading of emission certificates: A national and a supranational tool direct energy turnover to renewable electricity-supply in Germany
,”
Energy Policy
64
(
0
),
302
312
(
2014
).
19.
A.
Talaei
,
M. S.
Ahadi
, and
S.
Maghsoudy
, “
Climate friendly technology transfer in the energy sector: A case study of Iran
,”
Energy Policy
64
(
0
),
349
363
(
2014
).
20.
J. E.
Cohen
, “
World population in 2050: Assessing the projections
,” in
Conference Series-Federal Reserve Bank of Boston
,
2001
, pp.
83
113
.
21.
A.
Vadiee
and
V.
Martin
, “
Energy management strategies for commercial greenhouses
,”
Appl. Energy
114
(
0
),
880
888
(
2014
).
22.
P.
Hannam
, see http://www.smh.com.au/business/carbon-economy/renewable-energy-study-tips-viable-reality-by-2030-20130823 2shby.htm for renewable energy study tips viable reality by 2030.
23.
M.
Puri
,
R. E.
Abraham
, and
C. J.
Barrow
, “
Biofuel production: Prospects, challenges and feedstock in Australia
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
16
(
8
),
6022
6031
(
2012
).
24.
Australian Government DoE, see http://www.climatechange.gov.au/reducing-carbon/aemo-report-100-renewable-electricity-scenarios/100-cent-renewables-study-community-summary for The Australian energy market operator's 100 percent renewable study,
2013
.
25.
J.
Kraft
and
A.
Kraft
, “
Relationship between energy and GNP
,”
J. Energy Dev.
3
(
2
),
401
403
(
1978
).
26.
E. S.
Yu
and
J.-Y.
Choi
, “
Causal relationship between energy and GNP: An international comparison
,”
J. Energy Dev.
10
(
2
),
249
272
(
1985
).
27.
E. S.
Yu
and
B.-K.
Hwang
, “
The relationship between energy and GNP: Further results
,”
Energy Econ.
6
(
3
),
186
190
(
1984
).
28.
D.
Hwang
and
B.
Gum
, “
The causal relationship between energy and GNP: The case of Taiwan
,”
J. Energy Dev.
16
(
2
),
219
226
(
1992
).
29.
B. S.
Cheng
, “
An investigation of cointegration and causality between energy consumption and economic growth
,”
J. Energy Dev.
21
(
1
),
73
84
(
1995
).
30.
A.
Aqeel
and
M. S.
Butt
, “
The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth in Pakistan
,”
Asia-Pac. Dev. J.
8
(
2
),
101
110
(
2001
).
31.
C.-C.
Lee
, “
Energy consumption and GDP in developing countries: A cointegrated panel analysis
,”
Energy Econ.
27
(
3
),
415
427
(
2005
).
32.
J. B.
Ang
, “
Economic development, pollutant emissions and energy consumption in Malaysia
,”
J. Policy Model.
30
(
2
),
271
278
(
2008
).
33.
D. I.
Stern
, “
Energy and economic growth in the USA: A multivariate approach
,”
Energy Econ.
15
(
2
),
137
150
(
1993
).
34.
K. H.
Ghali
and
M. I. T.
El-Sakka
, “
Energy use and output growth in Canada: A multivariate cointegration analysis
,”
Energy Econ.
26
(
2
),
225
238
(
2004
).
35.
Z.-Y.
Han
,
Y.-M.
Wei
,
J.-L.
Jiao
,
Y.
Fan
, and
J.-T.
Zhang
, “
On the cointegration and causality between Chinese GDP and energy consumption
,”
Syst. Eng.
12
,
17
21
(
2004
).
36.
S.
Paul
and
R. N.
Bhattacharya
, “
Causality between energy consumption and economic growth in India: A note on conflicting results
,”
Energy Econ.
26
(
6
),
977
983
(
2004
).
37.
C.-C.
Lee
and
C.-P.
Chang
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth in Asian economies: A more comprehensive analysis using panel data
,”
Resour. Energy Econ.
30
(
1
),
50
65
(
2008
).
38.
R.
Mahadevan
and
J.
Asafu-Adjaye
, “
Energy consumption, economic growth and prices: A reassessment using panel VECM for developed and developing countries
,”
Energy Policy
35
(
4
),
2481
2490
(
2007
).
39.
M.
Mehrara
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth: The case of oil exporting countries
,”
Energy Policy
35
(
5
),
2939
2945
(
2007
).
40.
Y.
Wolde-Rufael
, “
Disaggregated industrial energy consumption and GDP: The case of Shanghai, 1952–1999
,”
Energy Econ.
26
(
1
),
69
75
(
2004
).
41.
J.
Chontanawat
,
L. C.
Hunt
, and
R.
Pierse
, “
Does energy consumption cause economic growth?: Evidence from a systematic study of over 100 countries
,”
J. Policy Model.
30
(
2
),
209
220
(
2008
).
42.
G.
Hondroyiannis
,
S.
Lolos
, and
E.
Papapetrou
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Greece
,”
Energy Econ.
24
(
4
),
319
336
(
2002
).
43.
N.
Apergis
and
J. E.
Payne
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth in Central America: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model
,”
Energy Econ.
31
(
2
),
211
216
(
2009
).
44.
M.
Belloumi
, “
Energy consumption and GDP in Tunisia: Cointegration and causality analysis
,”
Energy Policy
37
(
7
),
2745
2753
(
2009
).
45.
W.
Lise
and
K.
Van Montfort
, “
Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: Is there a co-integration relationship?
,”
Energy Econ.
29
(
6
),
1166
1178
(
2007
).
46.
P.
Mozumder
and
A.
Marathe
, “
Causality relationship between electricity consumption and GDP in Bangladesh
,”
Energy Policy
35
(
1
),
395
402
(
2007
).
47.
N. M.
Odhiambo
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth nexus in Tanzania: An ARDL bounds testing approach
,”
Energy Policy
37
(
2
),
617
622
(
2009
).
48.
M.
Shahbaz
,
S.
Khan
, and
M. I.
Tahir
, “
The dynamic links between energy consumption, economic growth, financial development and trade in China: Fresh evidence from multivariate framework analysis
,”
Energy Econ.
40
(
0
),
8
21
(
2013
).
49.
T.
Dergiades
,
G.
Martinopoulos
, and
L.
Tsoulfidis
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth: Parametric and non-parametric causality testing for the case of Greece
,”
Energy Econ.
36
(
0
),
686
697
(
2013
).
50.
N. S.
Ouedraogo
, “
Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the economic community of West African States (ECOWAS)
,”
Energy Econ.
36
(
0
),
637
647
(
2013
).
51.
A.
Baranzini
,
S.
Weber
,
M.
Bareit
, and
N. A.
Mathys
, “
The causal relationship between energy use and economic growth in Switzerland
,”
Energy Econ.
36
,
464
470
(
2013
).
52.
P. K.
Salamaliki
and
I. A.
Venetis
, “
Energy consumption and real GDP in G-7: Multi-horizon causality testing in the presence of capital stock
,”
Energy Econ.
39
(
0
),
108
121
(
2013
).
53.
J. B.
Ang
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption, and output in France
,”
Energy Policy
35
(
10
),
4772
4778
(
2007
).
54.
S. M.
de Bruyn
,
J. C. J. M.
van den Bergh
, and
J. B.
Opschoor
, “
Economic growth and emissions: Reconsidering the empirical basis of environmental Kuznets curves
,”
Ecol. Econ.
25
(
2
),
161
175
(
1998
).
55.
L.
Viguier
, “
Emissions of SO2, NOx and CO2 in transition economies: Emission inventories and divisia index analysis
,”
Energy J.
20
(
2
),
59
87
(
1999
).
56.
A.
Bengochea-Morancho
,
F.
Higón-Tamarit
, and
I.
Martínez-Zarzoso
, “
Economic growth and CO2 emissions in the European Union
,”
Environ. Resour. Econ.
19
(
2
),
165
172
(
2001
).
57.
B.
Friedl
and
M.
Getzner
, “
Determinants of CO2 emissions in a small open economy
,”
Ecol. Econ.
45
(
1
),
133
148
(
2003
).
58.
D. T. T. F.
Rui
, “
Study on China's economic growth and CO2 emissions
,”
China Popul. Resour. Environ.
2
,
19
(
2007
).
59.
P. K.
Narayan
and
S.
Narayan
, “
Carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: Panel data evidence from developing countries
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
1
),
661
666
(
2010
).
60.
R.
Bhattacharyya
and
T.
Ghoshal
, “
Economic growth and CO2 emissions
,”
Environ., Dev. Sustainability
12
(
2
),
159
177
(
2010
).
61.
M.
Fodha
and
O.
Zaghdoud
, “
Economic growth and pollutant emissions in Tunisia: An empirical analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
2
),
1150
1156
(
2010
).
62.
K.
Menyah
and
Y.
Wolde-Rufael
, “
CO2 emissions, nuclear energy, renewable energy and economic growth in the US
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
6
),
2911
2915
(
2010
).
63.
S.
Abdullah
and
B.
Morley
, “
Environmental taxes and economic growth: Evidence from panel causality tests
,”
Energy Econ.
42
(
0
),
27
33
(
2014
).
64.
U.
Soytas
and
R.
Sari
, “
Energy consumption, economic growth, and carbon emissions: Challenges faced by an EU candidate member
,”
Ecol. Econ.
68
(
6
),
1667
1675
(
2009
).
65.
M. E. H.
Arouri
,
A.
Ben Youssef
,
H.
M'henni
, and
C.
Rault
, “
Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Middle East and North African countries
,”
Energy Policy
45
,
342
349
(
2012
).
66.
J.
Asafu-Adjaye
, “
The relationship between energy consumption, energy prices and economic growth: Time series evidence from Asian developing countries
,”
Energy Econ.
22
(
6
),
615
625
(
2000
).
67.
K.
Fatai
,
L.
Oxley
, and
F.
Scrimgeour
, “
Modelling the causal relationship between energy consumption and GDP in New Zealand, Australia, India, Indonesia, The Philippines and Thailand
,”
Math. Comput. Simul.
64
(
3
),
431
445
(
2004
).
68.
R.
Ramanathan
, “
A multi-factor efficiency perspective to the relationships among world GDP, energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions
,”
Technol. Forecasting Soc. Change
73
(
5
),
483
494
(
2006
).
69.
S.
Lozano
and
E.
Gutiérrez
, “
Non-parametric frontier approach to modelling the relationships among population, GDP, energy consumption and CO2 emissions
,”
Ecol. Econ.
66
(
4
),
687
699
(
2008
).
70.
N.
Apergis
and
J. E.
Payne
, “
CO2 emissions, energy usage, and output in Central America
,”
Energy Policy
37
(
8
),
3282
3286
(
2009
).
71.
X.-P.
Zhang
and
X.-M.
Cheng
, “
Energy consumption, carbon emissions, and economic growth in China
,”
Ecol. Econ.
68
(
10
),
2706
2712
(
2009
).
72.
I.
Ozturk
and
A.
Acaravci
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
14
(
9
),
3220
3225
(
2010
).
73.
C.-C.
Chang
, “
A multivariate causality test of carbon dioxide emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China
,”
Appl. Energy
87
(
11
),
3533
3537
(
2010
).
74.
H.-T.
Pao
and
C.-M.
Tsai
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in BRIC countries
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
12
),
7850
7860
(
2010
).
75.
N.
Apergis
and
J. E.
Payne
, “
The emissions, energy consumption, and growth nexus: Evidence from the commonwealth of independent states
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
1
),
650
655
(
2010
).
76.
M. R.
Lotfalipour
,
M. A.
Falahi
, and
M.
Ashena
, “
Economic growth, CO2 emissions, and fossil fuels consumption in Iran
,”
Energy
35
(
12
),
5115
5120
(
2010
).
77.
K.
Menyah
and
Y.
Wolde-Rufael
, “
Energy consumption, pollutant emissions and economic growth in South Africa
,”
Energy Econ.
32
(
6
),
1374
1382
(
2010
).
78.
H.-T.
Pao
and
C.-M.
Tsai
, “
Modeling and forecasting the CO2/emissions, energy consumption, and economic growth in Brazil
,”
Energy
36
(
5
),
2450
2458
(
2011
).
79.
S. S.
Wang
,
D. Q.
Zhou
,
P.
Zhou
, and
Q. W.
Wang
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in China: A panel data analysis
,”
Energy Policy
39
(
9
),
4870
4875
(
2011
).
80.
M. S.
Hossain
, “
Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries
,”
Energy Policy
39
(
11
),
6991
6999
(
2011
).
81.
H.-T.
Pao
,
H.-C.
Yu
, and
Y.-H.
Yang
, “
Modeling the CO2 emissions, energy use, and economic growth in Russia
,”
Energy
36
(
8
),
5094
6100
(
2011
).
82.
U.
Al-mulali
and
C. N.
Binti Che Sab
, “
The impact of energy consumption and CO2 emission on the economic growth and financial development in the Sub Saharan African countries
,”
Energy
39
(
1
),
180
186
(
2012
).
83.
S.
Çoban
and
M.
Topcu
, “
The nexus between financial development and energy consumption in the EU: A dynamic panel data analysis
,”
Energy Econ.
39
(
0
),
81
88
(
2013
).
84.
I.
Ozturk
and
A.
Acaravci
, “
The long-run and causal analysis of energy, growth, openness and financial development on carbon emissions in Turkey
,”
Energy Econ.
36
(
0
),
262
267
(
2013
).
85.
B.
Saboori
and
J.
Sulaiman
, “
CO2 emissions, energy consumption and economic growth in Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) countries: A cointegration approach
,”
Energy
55
(
0
),
813
822
(
2013
).
86.
H.
Mohammadi
and
S.
Parvaresh
, “
Energy consumption and output: Evidence from a panel of 14 oil-exporting countries
,”
Energy Econ.
41
(
0
),
41
46
(
2014
).
87.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
, and
S. C.
Sharma
, “
Socio-economic prospect of second generation bio-fuel in Australia: A review
,” in
International Conference on Clean Energy
,
Istanbul, Turkey
,
2014
, pp.
210
221
.
88.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
S. C.
Sharma
,
M. M. K.
Bhuiya
, and
M.
Mofijur
, “
A review on socio-economic aspects of sustainable biofuels
,”
Int. J. Global Warming
(in press).
89.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M.
Mofijur
,
M. M. K.
Bhuiya
,
S. K.
Mondal
, and
M. K.
Sattar
, “
Energy and waste management for petroleum refining effluents: A case study in Bangladesh
,”
Int. J. Automot. Mech. Eng.
11
,
2170
2187
(
2015
).
90.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
, and
S. C.
Sharma
, “
Review of non-edible biofuel resources in Australia for second generation (2G) biofuel conversion
,” in
International Green Energy Conference
,
Tianjin, China
,
2014
, pp.
867
878
.
91.
BREE, see http://www.bree.gov.au/publications/aes-2013.html for Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, 2013 Australian Energy Statistics Data (last accessed December 25,
2013
).
92.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
S. C.
Sharma
, and
M. A.
Hazrat
, “
Prospect of biofuels as an alternative transport fuel in Australia
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
43
,
331
351
(
2015
).
93.
A.
Ball
,
A.
Feng
,
C.
McCluskey
,
P.
Pham
,
G.
Stanwix
, and
T.
Willcock
, see http://www.bree.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-statistics for Australian Energy Update. Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, 2014 (last accessed August 29,
2014
).
94.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
M.
Sukanta Kumar
, and
I.
Rubayat
, “
Modelling and simulation of heat and mass flow by Aspen HYSYS for petroleum refining process in field application
,” in
Thermofluid Modeling for Energy Efficiency Applications
(
Elsevier
,
2015
), pp.
227
257
.
95.
S. K.
Mondal
,
M. R.
Uddin
,
P.
Paul
,
A.
Deb
, and
A. K.
Azad
, “
Minimization of the process loss in condensate fractionation plant
,”
Procedia Eng.
90
,
524
529
(
2014
).
96.
Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics (BREE)
, see
http://
www.bree.gov.au/publications/aes-2013.html for 2014 Australian Energy Statistics Data (last accessed December 25,
2014
).
97.
P. K.
Narayan
and
R.
Smyth
, “
Electricity consumption, employment and real income in Australia evidence from multivariate Granger causality tests
,”
Energy Policy
33
(
9
),
1109
1116
(
2005
).
98.
P. K.
Narayan
and
A.
Prasad
, “
Electricity consumption—Real GDP causality nexus: Evidence from a bootstrapped causality test for 30 OECD countries
,”
Energy Policy
36
(
2
),
910
918
(
2008
).
99.
M.
Shahiduzzaman
and
K.
Alam
, “
Cointegration and causal relationships between energy consumption and output: Assessing the evidence from Australia
,”
Energy Econ.
34
(
6
),
2182
2188
(
2012
).
100.
R.
Madhavan
,
Z. C.
Chao
, and
S. M.
Potter
, “
Plasticity of recurring spatiotemporal activity patterns in cortical networks
,”
Phys. Biol.
4
(
3
),
181
(
2007
).
101.
M.
Shahiduzzaman
, “
Energy consumption, economic growth and CO2 emissions in Australia: The potential for energy conservation
,” PhD thesis,
University of Southern Queensland
,
2012
.
102.
H.
To
,
A.
Wijeweera
, and
M. B.
Charles
, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth—The Case of Australia, in Australian Conference of Economists,
2013
.
103.
R.
Coers
and
M.
Sanders
, “
The energy—GDP nexus; addressing an old question with new methods
,”
Energy Econ.
36
(
0
),
708
715
(
2013
).
104.
M. S.
Shaari
,
N. E.
Hussain
, and
M. S.
Ismail
, “
Relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: Empirical evidence for Malaysia
,”
Bus. Syst. Rev.
2
(
1
),
17
28
(
2013
).
105.
P. K.
Narayan
,
S.
Sharma
,
W. C.
Poon
, and
J.
Westerlund
, “
Do oil prices predict economic growth? New global evidence
,”
Energy Econ.
41
(
0
),
137
146
(
2014
).
106.
M. M. K.
Bhuiya
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
N.
Ashwath
,
A. K.
Azad
, and
M. A.
Hazrat
, “
Second generation biodiesel: Potential alternative to-edible oil-derived biodiesel
,”
Energy Procedia
61
,
1969
1972
(
2014
).
107.
A. K.
Azad
and
S. M. A.
Uddin
, “
Performance study of a diesel engine by first generation bio-fuel blends with fossil fuel: An experimental study
,”
J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
5
(
1
),
013118
(
2013
).
108.
M.
Bhuiya
,
M.
Rasul
,
M.
Khan
,
N.
Ashwath
, and
A.
Azad
, “
Prospects of 2nd generation biodiesel as a sustainable fuel—Part: 1 selection of feedstocks, oil extraction techniques and conversion technologies
,”
Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
(in press).
109.
M.
Bhuiya
,
M.
Rasul
,
M.
Khan
,
N.
Ashwath
,
A.
Azad
, and
M.
Mofijur
, “
Optimisation of oil extraction process from Australian native beauty leaf seed (Calophyllum Inophyllum)
,”
Energy Procedia
75
,
56
61
(
2015
).
110.
T.
Willcock
,
N.
Che
, and
C.
McCluskey
, see http://www.bree.gov.au/documents/publications/energy-in-aust/BREE-EnergyInAustralia-2013.pdf for Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Energy in Australia
2013
.
111.
A.
Azad
,
M.
Rasul
,
R.
Islam
, and
I. R.
Shishir
, “
Analysis of wind energy prospect for power generation by three Weibull distribution methods
,”
Energy Procedia
75
,
722
727
(
2015
).
112.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
, and
T.
Yusaf
, “
Statistical diagnosis of the best Weibull methods for wind power assessment for agricultural applications
,”
Energies
7
(
5
),
3056
3085
(
2014
).
113.
A. K.
Azad
,
M. G.
Rasul
,
M. M.
Alam
,
S. M. A.
Uddin
, and
S. K.
Mondal
, “
Analysis of wind energy conversion system using Weibull distribution
,”
Procedia Eng.
90
,
725
732
(
2014
).
114.
S. M. A.
Uddin
,
A. K.
Azad
,
M. M.
Alam
, and
J. U.
Ahamed
, “
Performance of a diesel engine run with mustard-kerosene blends
,”
Procedia Eng.
105
,
698
704
(
2015
).
115.
A.
Azad
,
M.
Rasul
,
M.
Khan
,
S. C.
Sharma
, and
R.
Islam
, “
Prospect of Moringa seed oil as a sustainable biodiesel fuel in Australia: A review
,”
Procedia Eng.
105
,
601
606
(
2015
).
116.
N.
Che
,
A.
Feng
,
C.
McCluskey
,
P.
Pham
,
T.
Willcock
, and
G.
Stanwix
, see <http://www.bree.gov.au/publications/aes.html> for Bureau of Resources and Energy Economics, Australian Energy Update
2013
.
117.
M.
Hazrat
,
M.
Rasul
,
M. M. K.
Khan
,
A.
Azad
, and
M.
Bhuiya
, “
Utilization of polymer wastes as transport fuel resources—A recent development
,”
Energy Procedia
61
,
1681
1685
(
2014
).
118.
News, see http://www.news.com.au/national/australias-carbon-tax-has-been-axed-as-repeal-bills-clear-the-senate/story-fncynjr2-1226991948152 for Australia's carbon tax has been axed as repeal bills clear the Senate, 2014 (last accessed August 31,
2014
).
119.
BREE, see http://bree.gov.au/sites/bree.gov.au/files/files//publications/aep/australian-energy-projections-to-2050.pdf for Australian energy projections to 2049-50, 2012 (last accessed August 31,
2014
).
120.
A.
Syed
, see http://bree.gov.au/publications/australian-energy-projections-2049%E2%80%9350 for Australian Energy Projections to 2049–50, 2012 (last accessed December 25,
2013
).
121.
USEIA, see http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDIndex3.cfm?tid=90&pid=44&aid=8 for United States Energy Information Administration. International Energy Statistics, 2013 (last accessed January 19,
2014
).
122.
A. K.
Azad
and
M. M.
Alam
, “
Analysis of total power consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in Asia and Oceania
,” in
1st International Conference on Mechanical Engineering Research
,
Kuantan, Malaysia
,
2011
, pp.
259
266
.
123.
Y.
Yen
,
E.
Wang
, and
D.
Horng
, “
Suppliers' willingness of customization, effective communication, and trust: A study of switching costs antecedents
,”
J. Bus. Ind. Mark.
26
(
4
),
250
259
(
2011
).
124.
N.
Apergis
and
J. E.
Payne
, “
Renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from a panel of OECD countries
,”
Energy Policy
38
(
1
),
656
660
(
2010
).
125.
S. S.
Sharma
, “
The relationship between energy and economic growth: Empirical evidence from 66 countries
,”
Appl. Energy
87
(
11
),
3565
3574
(
2010
).
126.
B.
Saboori
,
J.
Sulaiman
, and
S.
Mohd
, “
Economic growth and CO2 emissions in Malaysia: A cointegration analysis of the environmental Kuznets curve
,”
Energy Policy
51
,
184
191
(
2012
).
127.
F.
Islam
,
M.
Shahbaz
,
A. U.
Ahmed
, and
M. M.
Alam
, “
Financial development and energy consumption nexus in Malaysia: A multivariate time series analysis
,”
Econ. Model.
30
,
435
441
(
2013
).
128.
P.
Sadorsky
, “
Financial development and energy consumption in Central and Eastern European frontier economies
,”
Energy Policy
39
(
2
),
999
1006
(
2011
).
You do not currently have access to this content.