The frequency control process and ensuring the security of supply in microgrids (MG) with high penetration of renewable energy sources demand the development of specific control systems and energy storage resources. This paper presents a three-phase battery energy storage system (BESS), designed to support the frequency in autonomous MG. Besides the basic functions, the proposed BESS includes enhanced features, which improves the MG frequency response. When placing the BESS near a consumer, which may also include small generators, the local power variations can be partially or totally compensated, thus relieving the MG of these perturbations. The proposed solution is experimentally evaluated within a laboratory MG prototype and with a 5 kW BESS.
REFERENCES
1.
H.
Farhangi
, “The path of the smart grid
,” IEEE Power Energy Mag.
8
(1
), 18
–28
(2010
).2.
R. H.
Lasseter
, “Smart distribution: Coupled microgrids
,” Proc. IEEE
99
(6
), 1074
–1082
(2011
).3.
H.
Bevrani
, A.
Ghosh
, and G.
Ledwich
, “Renewable energy sources and frequency regulation: Survey and new perspectives
,” IET Renewable Power Gener.
4
(5
), 438
–457
(2010
).4.
S.
Chowdhury
, S. P.
Chowdhury
, and P.
Crossley
, Microgrids and Active Distribution Networks
(Institution of Engineering and Technology
, UK
, 2009
).5.
R.
Zamora
and A. K.
Srivastava
, “Controls for microgrids with storage: Review, challenges, and research needs
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
14
(7
), 2009
–2018
(2010
).6.
IEEE Standards Coordinating Committee 21: 1547.4-2011 Guide for design, operation, and integration of DR island systems with EPS, July
2011
.7.
UCTE (Union for the Coordination of the Transmission of Electricity), see https://www.entsoe.eu/resources/publications/system-operations/operation-handbook/ for operation handbook—Policy 1: Load-frequency control, final version,
2009
.8.
J. M.
Guerrero
, J. C.
Vasquez
, J.
Matas
, L. G.
de Vicuna
, and M.
Castilla
, “Hierarchical control of droop-controlled AC and DC microgrids-A general approach towards standardization
,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron.
58
(1
), 158
–172
(2011
).9.
C.
Cho
, J. H.
Jeon
, J. Y.
Kim
, S.
Kwon
, K.
Park
, and S.
Kim
, “Active synchronizing control of a microgrid
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electr.
26
(12
), 3707
–3719
(2011
).10.
M.
Taghizadeh
, M.
Mardaneh
, and M.
Sha Sadeghi
, “Fuzzy based frequency control in an isolated network employing parallel operated fuel cell/ultra-capacitor systems
,” J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
5
, 013101
(2013
).11.
I.
Serban
and C.
Marinescu
, “Aggregate load-frequency control of a wind-hydro autonomous microgrid
,” Renewable Energy
36
(12
), 3345
–3354
(2011
).12.
J.
Kwon
, S.
Yoon
, and S.
Choi
, “Indirect current control for seamless transfer of three-phase utility interactive inverters
,” IEEE. Trans. Power Electron.
27
(2
), 773
–781
(2012
).13.
Q.-C.
Zhong
and T.
Hornik
, “Cascaded current–voltage control to improve the power quality for a grid-connected inverter with a local load
,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron.
60
(4
), 1344
–1355
(2013
).14.
F. D.
González
, A.
Sumper
, O. G.
Bellmunt
, and R. V.
Robles
, “A review of energy storage technologies for wind power applications
,” Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev.
16
(4
), 2154
–2171
(2012
).15.
X.
Tan
, Q.
Li
, and H.
Wang
, “Advances and trends of energy storage technology in microgrid
,” Int. J. Electr. Power
44
, 179
–191
(2013
).16.
C.
Battistelli
, L.
Baringo
, and A. J.
Conejo
, “Optimal energy management of small electric energy systems including V2G facilities and renewable energy sources
,” Electr. Power Syst. Res.
92
, 50
–59
(2012
).17.
S. M.
Hakimi
and S. M.
Moghaddas-Tafreshi
, “Effect of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles charging/discharging management on planning of smart microgrid
,” J. Renewable Sustainable Energy
4
, 063144
(2012
).18.
I.
Serban
and C.
Marinescu
, “An enhanced three-phase battery energy storage system for frequency control in microgrids
,” in 13th International Conference on Optimization of Electrical and Electronic Equipment (OPTIM)
, Brasov, May (2012
), pp. 912
–918
.19.
J.
Rocabert
, A.
Luna
, F.
Blaabjerg
, and P.
Rodriguez
, “Control of power converters in AC microgrids
,” IEEE. Trans. Power Electron.
27
(11
), 4734
–4748
(2012
).20.
S.
Buso
and P.
Mattavelli
, Digital Control in Power Electronics
(Morgan & Claypool
, USA
, 2006
).21.
M. P. N.
van Wesenbeeck
, S. W. H.
de Haan
, P.
Varela
, and K.
Visscher
, “Grid tied converter with virtual kinetic storage
,” in Proceeding of 2009 IEEE Power Tech Conference
, Bucharest (2010
), pp. 1
–7
.22.
I.
Serban
, R.
Teodorescu
, and C.
Marinescu
, “Energy storage systems impact on the short-term frequency stability of distributed autonomous microgrids, an analysis using aggregate models
,” IET Renewable Power Gener.
7
(5
), 531
–539
(2013
).23.
J.
He
and Y. W.
Li
, “An enhanced microgrid load demand sharing strategy
,” IEEE. Trans. Power Electron.
27
(9
), 3984
–3995
(2012
).© 2014 AIP Publishing LLC.
2014
AIP Publishing LLC
You do not currently have access to this content.
