Vertical-axis turbine performance enhancement with physics-informed blade pitch control. Basic principles and proof of concept with high-fidelity numerical simulation

In this study, we developed active physics-informed turbine blade pitch control methods to conquer the inconsistent energy harvesting efficiency challenges encountered by the vertical-axis turbines (VATs) technology. Specifically, individual turbine blades were pitched by actuators following commands from the physics-informed controllers, and the turbine performance improvements as a result of the blade pitch control mechanism and the associated flow physics were studied. The aim of the blade pitch control was to maintain constant effective angles of attack (AoAs) experienced by turbine blades through active blade pitch, and the constant AoA function was designed to facilitate control mechanism implementation into real-world VATs. To gain in-depth understanding of the capability of the control, flow physics was studied for different constant AoA control strategies across a wide range of tip speed ratios and wind speeds and was compared with that from the corresponding baselines without control, and that from the sinusoidal AoA control strategy. The comparison between the turbine performance with constant AoA control and that without control showed a consistent increase in the time-averaged net power coefficient, a measure of energy harvesting efficiency taking out of the actuator loss, ranging from 27.4% to 704.0% across a wide spread of wind speeds. The superior turbine performance with constant AoA control was largely attributed to blade dynamic stall management during the blade upstream and downstream cycles and the transition between the two cycles.